PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 001
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 310–323 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser A review on the performance of nanoparticles suspended with refrigerants and lubricating oils in refrigeration systems R. Saidur a,*, S.N. Kazi a, M.S. Hossain a, M.M. Rahman b, H.A. Mohammed c a Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia b Department of Mathematics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh c Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenega Nasinal, Km 7, Jalan Kajang-Puchong, 43009 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia ARTICLE INFO Article history: Received 25 May 2010 Accepted 17 August 2010 Keywords: Nanorefrigerants Heat transfer Challenges of nanofluids ABSTRACT Recently scientists used nanoparticles in refrigeration systems because of theirs remarkable improvement in thermo-physical, and heat transfer capabilities to enhance the efficiency and reliability of refrigeration and air conditioning system. In this paper thermal–physical properties of nanoparticles suspended in refrigerant and lubricating oil of refrigerating systems were reviewed. Heat transfer performance of different nanorefrigerants with varying concentrations was reviewed and review results are presented as well. Pressure drop and pumping power of a refrigeration system with nanorefrigerants were obtained from different sources and reported in this review. Along with these, pool boiling heat transfer performance of CNT refrigerant was reported. Moreover, challenges and future direction of nanofluids/nanorefrigerants have been reviewed and presented in this paper. Based on results available in the literatures, it has been found that nanorefrigerants have a much higher and strongly temperature-dependent thermal conductivity at very low particle concentrations than conventional refrigerant. This can be considered as one of the key parameters for enhanced performance for refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Because of its superior thermal performances, latest upto date literatures on this property has been summarized and presented in this paper as well. The results indicate that HFC134a and mineral oil with TiO2 nanoparticles works normally and safely in the refrigerator with better performance. The energy consumption of the HFC134a refrigerant using mineral oil and nanoparticles mixture as lubricant saved 26.1% energy with 0.1% mass fraction TiO2 nanoparticles compared to the HFC134a and POE oil system. It was identified that fundamental properties (i.e. density, specific heat capacity, and surface tension) of nanorefrigerants were not experimentally determined yet. It may be noted as well that few barriers and challenges those have been identified in this review must be addressed carefully before it can be fully implemented in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. ß 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction..................................................................................................... 311 2. Thermalconductivityofnanoparticlesusedinrefrigerants ............................................................... 311 3. Thermalconductivitiesofnanofluids................................................................................. 312 4. Poolboilingheattransferperformance ............................................................................... 314 5. Lubricityandmaterialcompatibility ................................................................................. 315 6. Surfaceroughness................................................................................................ 317 7. Energyperformance............................................................................................... 317 8. Viscosityofnano-oil.............................................................................................. 318 9. Pressuredropperformanceofnanorefrigerant.......................................................................... 318 10. Binarynanofluidsinabsorptionsystem............................................................................... 320 11. Challengesofnanofluids........................................................................................... 320 11.1. Longtermstabilityofnanoparticlesdispersion ................................................................... 320 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +60 379674462; fax: +60 3 79675317. E-mail addresses: saidur912@yahoo.com, saidur@um.edu.my (R. Saidur). 1364-0321/$ – see front matter ß 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.08.018PDF Image | Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
PDF Search Title:
Renewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsOriginal File Name Searched:
A_review_on_the_performance_of_nanoparticles_suspended_with_refrigerants_and_lubricating_oils_in_ref.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |