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One-Pot Algal Biodiesel Production in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Lindsay Soh1, Julie Zimmerman*1,2 1 Yale University, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 9 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, USA 2 06511 Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 192 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, USA 06511 Corresponding author: julie.zimmerman@yale.edu ABSTRACT To advance the realization of algae as a feedstock for biodiesel, process technologies and closed-loop biomass use must be optimized. Life-cycle analysis (LCA) of the biodiesel production process highlights the potential significant impact of improvements in the extraction of algal lipids and conversion into biodiesel. Further, a single-step lipid extraction and transesterification process was shown to have the highest energy rewards. This work investigates the potential for using scCO2 for the extraction and conversion process. scCO2 is shown to be an effective and selective solvent for extracting triglycerides from algal biomass. This work also explores the fundamental science necessary to achieve a one-pot approach that both extracts and transesterifies lipid from algae using supercritical carbon dioxide/methanol (scCO2/MeOH) and heterogeneous catalysts. A variety of basic and acidic heterogeneous catalysts have been surveyed for their effectiveness at transesterification of triglyceride (TG) to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Further the enhanced solubility of FAME over reaction intermediates, TG, and glycerol, is likely to provide a driving force for reaction. This research offers the foundations for a simple one-pot system wherein biodiesel can be directly, selectively, and sustainably produced from algae for further application in an algae biorefinery. INTRODUCTION In 2011 the expected global average consumption of crude oil and liquid fuels totaled 88.1 Mbbl/day with expected growth of ~1.5% in 2012 [1]. At the given oil usage rates, fossil oil peaking will likely begin within the next 40 years if it has not already [2, 3]. In order to meet the world’s energy demands, alternative feedstocks must be developed into viable energy sources. In terms of transport fuels, algal biodiesel has the advantages of fast growth (with doubling times of 3.5 and 24 hours during the exponential growth [4]), low or marginal land use, and higher oil content per dry weight compared to plant derived biofuels. Further, they have the potential to utilize wastewater as a feedstock [5], to have geographic flexibility, and to establish a distributed, rather than centralized, system [6]. Oil content of some microalgae may be as high as 90% of dry biomass weight under extreme growth conditions [4], with concentrations between 20-50% being more common. These yields greatly exceed those of other oil crops such as soybean and oil palm with less than 5% lipid concentration [1]. The land area demanded by oil producing crops is at least an order of magnitude greater than microalgae on an energy per area basis [7]. Based on the estimate that algae contain 30% lipid biomass by weight and that lipid yields will be similar to those observed in photobioreactors, only 2.5% of current US cropland would need to be allocated to energy production [8]. Further, microalgae do not compete directly with food crops since they do not require fertile cropland nor are they a food resource. Water demand for algae is also shown to be up to 300 times less than that for soybean or 4.5 times less than that for oil palm per unit of biodiesel produced [9]. The potential use of wastewater for algal growth would further decrease the burden on freshwater resources [10]. Although algal biodiesel is preferential to crop-derived biofuels in terms of lipid yield, infrastructure, as well as water and land demand for production, the production costs and energy requirements need to be lowered to make algal biodiesel a truly competitive alternative fuel. While algal biofuels are not economically viable given the current refinery and subsidy systems, there is urgent need to design the next generation of renewable fuel sourcesPDF Image | One-Pot Algal Biodiesel Production in Supercritical CO2
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