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International Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume 3 No. 2, February, 2013 Nanofluid Heat Transfer-A Review Chidanand K Mangrulkar,Vilayatrai M Kriplani Mechanical Engineering Department, G.H.Raisoni college of Engineering, Nagpur-16, India. ABSTRACT Heat transfer rate is considered as critical aspect for the design of rapid heating and cooling environment. The convective heat transfer can be enhanced passively by changing the flow geometry, boundary conditions, or by enhancing the thermal conductivity of the fluid. Researchers tried to increase the heat transfer rate by increasing the thermal conductivity of the fluid. The thermal conductivity of the fluid can be boosted by the use of nanopowder in the base fluid (uniformly suspended). Nanofluids are termed as the next generation heat transfer elements. Nanofluids cause drastic change in the properties of the base fluid. The mass concentration of nanoparticles is proportional to the rate of heat transfer within critical limit. The Reynolds number, mass concentration of the powder, and size of the particles are the basic parameters controlling the heat transfer of the fluid. The increase in the Nusselt and Peclet number results in the increase in the heat transfer coefficient of the fluid which leads to higher heat transfer rate. Keywords: Nanofluids, Nanoparticles, Heat Transfer, Heat Transfer coefficient, Thermal Conductivity 1. INTRODUCTION The rate of heat transfer is considered as an important parameter for the design of any mechanical, electrical or electronic component. The heat transfer rate of the element is governed by the surface area, surface roughness, thermal conductivity of the element and the temperature gradient. Researchers tried to increase the thermal conductivity of the fluid so as to increase the heat transfer rate. The thermal conductivity of the fluid can be increased by the nanofluids. Fluids with nanoparticles suspended in them are called as nanofluids, a term coined by Choi in 1995 of the Argonne National Laboratory, U.S.A. (diameter less than 50nm). Suspended nanoparticles in the various base fluids can alter the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of the base fluids. The main objective of this study is to enhance the heat transfer rate using nanofluids as the working medium. The base fluid is usually water, ethylene glycol, and toluene or engine oil. The uniform suspension of the nanoparticles plays an important role in the heat transfer capability of the fluid. The uniform suspension in achieved by the use of ultrasonic mixer or ultrasonic homogenizer, which perform the task of mixing the nanofluid in the conventional fluid. The ultrasonic mixer are available in the various frequency ranges from 20 to 40KHz. The use will depend upon the volume concentration and the particle diameter of the nanofluid. The fine grade of nanoparticles will suspend uniformly with the higher surface area and less pressure drop across the test section. The various parameters which governed the heat transfer rate are Nusselt number, Peclet number, and Reynolds number. The higher the Nusselt and Peclet number will tend to increase the heat transfer coefficient and increase the heat transfer rate of the nanofluid. The various authors developed the relation for the effective thermal conductivity of the nanofluid for the particular boundary condition. The boundary layer phenomenon and the Brownian motion of the particles plays an important role in the rate of heat transfer enhancement. the Nusselt number rises considerably by increase in the volume concentration of the nanofluid. 2. NANOTECHNOLOGY HISTORY The term nanotechnology is new, but it existence of the functional devices and structure of nanosized devices are not new in this world. In 1905, experimental data on the diffusion theory showed that the molecule has nanometer diameter, which is considered as the notable landmark in the scientific history of nanotechnology. In 29 December 1959: Visionary statement by Prof.R.P.Feynman, “There is enough space at the bottom”. ISSN: 2049-3444 © 2013 – IJET Publications UK. All rights reserved. 136PDF Image | Nanofluid Heat Transfer
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