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TECHNOLOGY PAPER 2 Micro and small-scale CHP from biomass (< 300 kWe) for distributed energy Technological development and governmental subsidies that are directed towards environmentally sustainable electricity generation have increased the share of distributed generation in many countries during recent years. Combined production of heat and power is suitable for small-scale applications, and micro and small-scale biomass-fired CHP units are one of the alternatives for distributed generation. This relatively new technology has reached the commercialisation stage and could replace conventional boilers in dwellings and provide both electricity and heating to dwellings concerned. Description of technology The last mentioned technology is not dealt in this paper due to technology paper 3: Fuel cells using renewable energy sources – a leap to hydrogen economy. Diesel and gas engines Diesel or gas engine system means a standard engine driving an alternator to convert mechanical work produced at the engine shaft into electricity. The heat of exhaust gases, i.e. heat resulting from combustion during power generation, is used for process heat supply or heating purposes: it can be recovered at more than 70% efficiency by cooling at 120°C (gas engine) or 200°C (diesel engine). So, exhaust gases and engine cooling water function as heat sources. Possible biomass based fuels for diesel and gas engines are biogas including sewage and landfill gas, bio-oils, like pyrolysis oil, and gas from biomass gasification. In fact, there are three main alternatives under R&D for power generation via diesel and gas engine systems based on biomass utilisation: fixed-bed gasifier coupled to diesel/gas engine, pyrolysis oil combustion in diesel engines and, in addition, anaerobic digestion and gas/diesel engine. Biomass gasification is the latest generation of biomass energy conversion processes and thus, electricity production based on fixed-bed gasifier coupled to diesel or gas engine have been the focus of many R&D Exhaust gas Combustion chamber Micro turbine Heat Air from the compressor G Electricity Heat exchanger Recuperator Diagram of a micro turbine (Source: http://www.energytech.at) Micro and small scale CHP is based on following technology types: internal combustion engines, or diesel and gas engines; external combustion engines that are Stirling engines, organic Rankine cycle engines, steam engines and micro turbines; and additionally, fuel cells. OPET RES-e - NNE5/37/2002 Boosting local technology uptake – an OPET action to support the objectives of the RES-e Directive 1PDF Image | Micro and small-scale CHP from biomass less than 300 kWe
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