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Electricity developments in Latin America The structure of the electricity sector in Latin America has changed in the last thirty years. After World War II, the sector expanded rapidly with vertically integrated state-owned utilities. The expansion was based on large projects overshooting demand requirements. Government access to lending allowed investments in mega hydroelectric projects. However, utilities’ financial situations deteriorated rapidly when inflation eroded their revenues and governments were reluctant to increase tariffs. The external debt crisis worsened the situation, weakening ability of the utilities to invest in new capacity and severely deteriorating the quality of the service. In 1982, Chile became the first country to deregulate and privatize electricity. The following decade most of the region moved to adopt structures that ranged from complete market competition to state control. As occurred in the petroleum sector, we are now seeing a tendency toward “re-nationalization” of the electricity sector. Venezuela nationalized its previously privatized electric utilities in 2007 and, at the time of this writing, Bolivia had announced nationalization of its electricity grid. Electricity coverage in Latin America has increased significantly in the last forty years. In the case of Brazil, coverage in 1970s was less than 50 percent; by 2010, Brazil had achieved more than 90 percent coverage. But there remain significant differences in coverage levels among countries. Haiti has the lowest level (34 percent) while Brazil has the highest (99.6 percent). Coverage is near 100 percent in urban centers, yet there are still up to 34 million people in Latin America without access to electricity. Peru has the largest population without access: 6.5 million people. Figure 24: Electricity Coverage, Percentage of Population 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Source: Ariel Yepes et al., Meeting the Balance of Electricity Supply and Demand in Latin America and the Caribbean. World Bank, 2010. 29PDF Image | Infrastructure and Environment Department
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