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ENERGY RESoURCES thomas smith, associate editor Surface geothermal waters in the form of hot springs and thermal pools are famili- ar indicators of shallow heat anomalies. For centuries, man has used these for bathing, cooking, medicine, and heating (GEO ExPro Vol. 2, No 1, 2005). The first geothermally generated elec- tricity was produced from steam in a tectonically active area in southern Tus- cany, Italy, at Larderello, in 1904. Since those first steps, new technologies have been developed that enable wider use of geothermal energy to generate electricity from waters as cool as 74°C. Consequently, there is a growing awareness of the value of geothermal as a clean energy source and the sheer magnitude of its potential. Currently 21 countries generate electrici- ty from geothermal sources. Large and small private energy companies (includ- ing Calpine, Chevron, INEL, Ormat), and national utilities are actively searching and developing geothermal energy. In fact, Chevron, a major oil company, is the world’s largest producer of geothermal electricity with operations in the U.S., Indo- nesia, and the Philippines. Over 25% of Ice- land’s electrical needs are generated with geothermal energy. All these areas lay near plate boundaries (see world geothermal provinces map below). Heat from Within Heat inside the earth is generated prima- rily from the decay of radioactive isotopes with some heat left over from the fiery formation of the planet. The temperature gradually increases from the surface down to the 4200°C in the earth’s inner core. This heat moves upward to the surface and is continually radiated into space. The aver- age geothermal gradient for the earth is about 25oC/km. It is highest in volcanically active areas like island arcs where the tem- perature increases by about 30-50°C/km and is lowest in areas such as the ocean’s trenches where the temperature increases only 5-10°C/km. Enormous thermal-convection cells slowly circulating in the earth’s asthenos- hpere (the hot, soft, easily deformable por- tion of the mantle) have caused the plan- et’s thin, rigid lithosphere (the uppermost mantle and the overlying crust on which we live) to break into vast tectonic plates. Most of the world’s high-temperature geo- thermal provinces are located along plate boundaries. Other areas of higher heat flow originate from hotspots above isolated, enigmatic asthenosheric plumes, such as those ris- ing beneath the Big Island of Hawaii and Yellowstone National Park in the state of Wyoming. Along the plate boundaries and under the world’s hot spots, rising magma 3 GEOExProOctober2007 Geothermal Energy The word geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and therme (heat). By geothermal energy we mean heat from within the earth. Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source because heat is con- tinuously produced inside the earth. The technology for drilling and develop- ing geothermal energy has to a large extent been borrowed from the oil and gas industry. However, in order to achieve the large flows required from geothermal wells, production wells are completed differently than oil and gas wells, typically with 9 inch or larger casing diameters. Temperature is the decisive factor Geothermal energy can be utilized just about anywhere in the world. The resource temperature dictates the type and effici- ency of use. Geothermal heat pumps, which exploit low-temperature ground heat, can be widely used to efficiently heat and condi- tion the workplace, schools, and homes. In higher heat flow areas, thermal waters (35 to 150°C) are piped directly from the ground to support municipal heating systems, aquaculture, and greenhouses. The hottest systems (generally greater than 150°C) use geothermal steam and hot water to generate electric power. This source now accounts for 5% of California’s electrical generation and 10% for northern Nevada. Areas of highest heat flow are concentrated in the western states. © EGI © Tom Smith tPDF Image | Bright Future for Geothermal Energy
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