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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 1 Issue 1 2013 temperature drops below 370 ̊C. It means that using water as a working fluid in Rankine cycle is more suitable for high temperature applications and large centralized systems [8]. The organic Rankine cycle (ORC), whose most important feature is the possibility of using different low temperature heat sources for small and medium power generation, has been studied by many authors. In ORC’s the problems encountered with water can be partially mitigated by selecting an suitable organic fluid, characterized by higher molecular mass and lower critical temperature than water [9–11]. In the other words, the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is a non-superheating thermodynamic cycle utilizing an organic working fluid to rotate an expander. The ORC systems employed a wide range of heat source, including solar energy [12], geothermal energy [13], biomass energy, industrial waste heat [14,15], fuel cell [16], and ocean energy [17] etc. In addition, ORCs can be easily combined with other thermodynamic cycles, such as the internal combustion engine (ICE) [18], thermoelectric generator [19], seawater desalination system [20], and Brayton cycle. Moreover, it also can be used as in a combined heat and power (CHP) [21] and combined cooling and power system (CCHP) [22]. In the present paper the influences of the working fluids' types and thermal physical properties on organic Rankine cycle performance are discussed; then, the comparison of the pure and mixed working fluids are presented. Concerning to the expansion machines, various types of expanders are compared and discussed. A short review on heat exchangers as a key component in the cycle is done. Thus, the aim of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art of using of this technology for waste heat recovery both as a technological and an economic point of view. 2. Organic Rankine Cycle The basic components of an ORC system are similar to the conventional Rankine cycle. The layout of the components of a system working on ORC utilizing waste heat as thermal source is shown in Fig. 1 [23]. The working fluid is pumped to an evaporator (1–2: process), then heated to boiling (2–3: heat transfer), and then vapour is used to drive an expander (3–4: expansion). This expander can be used to drive a generator to convert the work into electricity. The working-fluid vapour is condensed back into a liquid (4–1: heat rejection) and fed back through the system. 162PDF Image | Waste heat recovery Organic Rankine cycles in sustainable energy conversion: A state-of-the-art review
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