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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 2 Issue 1 2014 The most crucial selection for any vapor cycle is the working fluid with which it operates. Considerable development is into examining such aspects as favorable working fluid selection criteria, the properties of fluid mixtures and the predictive modeling of fluid behavior. Some researchers focus on turbine optimization, including real-gas effects, particularly close to the critical point, and developing accurate equations of states [120,121]. Another research area focused on the best design for expander to be used in vapor power cycle with the attention on correct matching between the working fluid employed, expander and the operating conditions in terms of inlet temperature and available thermal power. In addition two-phase expanders are very much in the research and development phase. Conclusions The major vapor power cycle and various derivative cycles were reviewed for low-grade heat conversion into power. Organic Rankine cycle has not a good thermal match with the heat source. The Kalina cycle was developed in order to replace Rankine Cycle as a bottoming cycle for a combined-cycle energy system as well as for generating electricity using low-temperature heat resources. The Kalina cycle has a family of configurations. The Maloney-Robertson cycle is less complex than the Kalina cycle. Another suggested method is operating the Rankine cycle partially in the supercritical regime with CO2 as a working fluid named transcritical CO2 Rankine cycle. However, there are obstacles, especially CO2 turbine, which is still under development. The organic flash cycle is based on the design principle of increasing utilization efficiency by increasing temperature matching and reducing exergy losses during the heat addition process. There is a significant potential to improve the organic vapor cycle for the possible applications to lower temperature thermal energy sources. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the KIC InnoEnergy from the European Institute of Innovation and Technology. Abbreviations FC Flash Cycle GHG Greenhouse Gas IEA International Energy Agency ODP Ozone Depletion Potential ORC Organic Rankine Cycle RC Recuperator Cycle REG Regenerative Cycle S Entropy [J/kg] SH Superheat SRC Steam Rankine Cycle T Temperature [K] TLC The trilateral cycle 15PDF Image | Thermodynamic Vapor Cycles for Converting Low- to Medium-grade Heat to Power: A State-of-the- art Review and Future Research Pathways
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