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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 2 Issue 1 2014 The area in the plot between thermal source and working fluid can be qualitatively shown the exergy destruction. Guo et al. [36] analyzed the thermal efficiency as well as exergy efficiency of the organic Rankine cycle based on the locations of heat transfer pinch point in the evaporator. Li et al. [40] studied Influence of coupled pinch point temperature difference on performance of ORC. Although some have proposed doing the heat addition process in multi pressure steps, but installing additional heat exchangers is not economical for low grade heat sources [41]. Fig. 3. Stream temperatures variation during heat addition for (a) single component working fluid ORC, (b) zeotropic cycle [38] A number of solutions such as utilizing unconventional working fluids [42,43] and modifying cycle configuration [44] have been proposed to minimize temperature mismatching. Several cycle configurations have also been studied for ORC applications. Different types of ORC with subcooling or superheating are studied by Liu et al. [45] and showed that superheating and subcooling had negative ORC efficiency. Desideri and Bidini [46] deliberate different types of Rankine cycles for geothermal heat recovery. They results show that regenerated Rankine cycle is a promising solution for low temperature liquid geothermal source. Roy et al. [47] investigated the performance of an ORC with superheating, for, R123, R12, R717, and R134a. The efficiency of a basic ORC with a regenerative ORC was compared by Dai et al. [48] for 10 fluids including R236ea and R245ca. 2.2.1 Improvement of the organic Rankine cycle The ORC cycle can be improved by using a regenerator in case of using dry fluids. The expander exit state of the dry working fluid is not reached the two phase state, and temperature at this point is higher than the condensing temperature. This higher temperature fluid can be utilized to preheat the liquid before it enters the evaporator Fig. 4 [50]. Heat transferred between the expander outlet and the evaporator inlet in a counter-flow heat exchanger. The results would be higher efficiency. Drescher and Brüggemann [49] examined simple and recuperated cycles with different source and sink temperatures. Besides the effect of the working fluid, another key aspect affecting the design of best ORC system is the thermodynamic cycle arrangement. The basic cycle can be upgraded, from the simple ORC concept, in order to increase the heat recovery potential. Heat recuperation, superheating, two-pressure level and supercritical cycles are some possible methods [50]. A few of these strategies are already implemented in commercial machines, while others are under 5PDF Image | Thermodynamic Vapor Cycles for Converting Low- to Medium-grade Heat to Power: A State-of-the- art Review and Future Research Pathways
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