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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 2 Issue 1 2014 Fig. 2 (a) schematic diagram of ORC cycle (b) T-s diagram for ORC cycle Ideally, an “isentropic” working fluid would be the best because of not requiring reinforcing material for the turbine blades as well as not having substantial superheat at the turbine exit. Wet fluids usually need to heat up to superheat state. Tabor and Bronicki [34] determined the theoretical relationship for the slope of the saturated vapor curve on the temperature-entropy (T-S) diagram using Maxwell relations and the Clausius-Clapayron equation with Eq. (1), and showed that more complex molecules show a more “drying” behavior with a less positively sloped saturated vapor curve on a T-s diagram. Where, s is entropy, Cp is constant pressure specific heat, is constant volume, H is vaporization heat, V is vaporization volume change, and the subscript represents the saturated vapor curve. T s 1 (1) CP V H T TPTV The turbine built for ORCs normally requires a single-stage expander, which means a simpler, lower capital costs and less maintenance [35,36]. Some important advantages of the ORC over conventional steam power plant are: The thermal energy source and working fluid have temperature difference. This temperature difference inherently results in irreversibility [37]. If the thermal source is a single phase with a near linear temperature change profile along the heat exchanger, a temperature mismatching occurs. Temperature mismatching reduces heat exchanger effectiveness, and destroys exergy and results in pinch point. In Fig. 3 (a) [38,39], shows the temperature profile of an ORC using pure working fluid. It is shown that for a vapor power cycle using a pure working fluid, the temperature profile increases linear, then phase change occurred in constant temperature and again, there is a linear increase. Less heat for the evaporation process. The evaporation process occurs at lower pressure and temperature. The expansion process after the expander ends in the vapor region. Hence there is no need to superheating to prevent the risk of blades erosion. The smaller pressure drop and ratio will be much smaller and thus simple single stage turbines can be used. 4PDF Image | Thermodynamic Vapor Cycles for Converting Low- to Medium-grade Heat to Power: A State-of-the- art Review and Future Research Pathways
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