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Spadacini et al. To better understand the particular feature of the radial outflow turbine some considerations about turbomachinery fluid dynamics and about thermodynamics are necessary. It is known that for turbo machinery the general Euler equation, ignoring minor negligible losses, provides a formulation of the specific work for a single stage as (Dixon, 1998 – Lakshminarayana, 1986): lu1ct1 u2c2 (1) where u is the Peripheral velocity ct is the Tangential component of the absolute velocity 1 is the Inlet section of the turbine 2 is the Outlet section of the turbine As a result of Equation (1) in order to maximize the specific work of a single stage, the first term should be significantly higher than the second: assuming that in a turbine Ct1 is bigger than Ct2, the highest specific work of a single stage is thus achieved by the radial inflow configuration, which has intrinsically an higher peripheral velocity at the inlet and a lower one at the outlet. The radial outflow configuration has instead a low specific work per stage due to the reduction of the peripheral velocity while expanding the vapor (U1 < U2). Furthermore from thermodynamics it is known that the expansion of fluids with low molecular weight, like water, at operative conditions which are typical for power production, is characterised by high enthalpy drops, high volumetric flows and high volumetric ratios (Poling et al., 2000). Thus the choice of the radial outflow turbine with water steam faces a serious limit : a significant number of stages is mandatory to convert the enthalpy drop of the fluid into mechanical energy. Owing to this reason Ljungstrom developed his counter rotating radial outflow turbine configuration,in order to reduce the number of the turbine stages by increasing their specific work. Furthermore, due to the remarkable volumetric flow and its ratio between the inlet and outlet section (considerable for steam), the turbine blades would necessarily have a large height even for small power output turbines. Thus for the very large diameter disk necessary to accommodate all the required stages and for the too long blades, the radial outflow turbine configuration demonstrated serious limitations while processing steam and was therefore deemed not suitable. These issues meant no significant development of the such type of turbines, which were phased out for steam applications by axial turbines. 2. THE RADIAL OUTFLOW TURBINE BY EXERGY At the operative conditions which are typical for geothermal power production, fluids with high molecular weight lead to significantly lower enthalpy drops, volumetric flows and volumetric ratios than steam (Poling et al., 2000): this made possible for Exergy to reconsider the radial outflow turbine configuration for geothermal application on binary power plants, as the intrinsic limits of this type of technology are no longer relevant. If compared to traditional organic turbines, meaning overhung axial turbines, the Exergy overhung radial outflow turbine demonstrates several mechanical and fluid dynamics differences hereby summarized. Mechanical analysis Axial turbines are characterized by having only a stage mounted on a single disk (in future called single-disk/single stage configuration). This arrangement in overhung axial turbines limits the number of stages, for rotordynamics reasons, to up to 3 stages. The radial outflow turbine allows instead to have several stages (up to 7) arranged on the same disk (see Figure 1 ). The single-disk / multi stage configuration has thus the advantage to minimize vibrations and static and dynamic loads on the bearings, due to the reduced distance between bearings and the turbine center of gravity. These makes possible to decrease the maintenance and extended the useful life of the rotating components (see Figure 2). 2PDF Image | The First Geothermal Organic Radial Outflow Turbines
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