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articleinfo Article history: Received 16 August 2010 Received in revised form 14 March 2011 Accepted 15 March 2011 Available online 21 April 2011 Keywords: Organic Rankine cycle Waste heat recovery Working fluid Engine Matlab 1. Introduction Only 30% of an engine’s fuel combustion energy is converted into useful work to drive a vehicle and its accessory loads. The remainder is engine waste heat dissipated by the engine exhaust system, coolant system, and convection as well as radiation from the engine block. Nearly 40% of heat energy is wasted with the engine exhaust gas [1]. If this portion of waste heat could be har- nessed, energy efficiency will be enhanced, where vehicles all over the world could save lots of energy. Furthermore, global warming will be decreased. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) could be used to recover low-grade waste heat from engine exhaust gas. The advantages of ORC compared with other heat engine cycles are outstanding. First, high waste energy utilization is achieved by ORC when compared with other waste heat-recovery approaches. Next, it is easy to downsize system volume and weight, which is rigid for vehicle applications. Finally, the cost of ORC is cheaper than others such as a thermo- electric generator. Many investigations about ORC were carried out and can be classified into three main categories according to their application * Corresponding author. Tel./fax: þ86 10 6739 2914. E-mail address: zhanghongguang@bjut.edu.cn (H.G. Zhang). 0360-5442/$ e see front matter ! 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.041 ! 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. domains. The first is geothermal energy utilization. Hettiarachchi et al. [2] evaluated optimum cycle performance when evaporation and condensation temperatures, and geothermal and cooling water velocities were varied, and then compared the results to working fluids that included ammonia, HCFC-123, n-Pentane, and PF5050. Saleh et al. [3] investigated 31 pure component working fluids for sub-critical and supercritical ORCs for geothermal power plants. The second category reviewed is solar energy harnessing. Yamamoto et al. [4] estimated the optimum operating conditions of ORC comparing HCFC-123 and water as working fluids. Tchanche et al. [5] comparatively accessed 20 working fluids for use in low-tempera- ture solar organic Rankine cycle systems. The final category consid- ered is low-grade waste heat recovery. Hung et al. [6] analyzed ORC efficiency using cryogens such as benzene, ammonia, R11, R12, R134a and R113 as working fluids. Maizza and Maizza [7] investigated the thermodynamic and physical properties of 20 unconventional fluids used in organic Rankine cycles supplied by waste energy sources. Liu et al. [8] reviewed the effects of 10 various working fluids on the thermal and total heat-recovery efficiencies of the organic Rankine cycle. Wei et al. [9,10] analyzed system performance and optimized the working conditions of an ORC using R245fa when a simulation of a dynamic model was conducted in Dymola [11]. Drescher and Bruggemann [12] developed software to find thermodynamically suitable fluids for ORC in biomass power and heat plants. Mago et al. [13] analyzed a regenerative ORC using four dry organic fluids to Energy 36 (2011) 3406e3418 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy Study of working fluid selection of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for engine waste heat recovery E.H. Wang a, H.G. Zhang a, *, B.Y. Fan a, M.G. Ouyang b, Y. Zhao c, Q.H. Mu c a College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Pingleyuan No. 100, 100124 Beijing, China b State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Qinghuayuan, 100084 Beijing, China c Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beisihuanxi Road No. 15, 100190 Beijing, China abstract Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) could be used to recover low-grade waste heat. When a vehicle is running, the engine exhaust gas states have a wide range of variance. Defining the operational conditions of the ORC that achieve the maximum utilization of waste heat is important. In this paper the performance of different working fluids operating in specific regions was analyzed using a thermodynamic model built in Matlab together with REFPROP. Nine different pure organic working fluids were selected according to their physical and chemical properties. The results were compared in the regions when net power outputs were fixed at 10 kW. Safety levels and environmental impacts were also evaluated. The outcomes indicate that R11, R141b, R113 and R123 manifest slightly higher thermodynamic performances than the others; however, R245fa and R245ca are the most environment-friendly working fluids for engine waste heat-recovery applications. The optimal control principle of ORC under the transient process is discussed based on the analytical results.PDF Image | Study of working fluid selection of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for engine waste heat recovery
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