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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY Solar Just like for wind, California was the birthplace of solar power. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a remarkable U.S.-Israeli consortium built 354 MW of thermal parabolic trough solar power in the Mojave Desert (see “The 354-MW SEGS Power Plants”). Over the last decade these units have delivered reliable power to Southern California Edison and have demonstrated the commercial practicality of solar power generation. Two power tower demonstration projects, Solar One and Solar Two, were also built during that time period and during their demonstration period verified the power tower concept and the effectiveness of molten-salt heat storage. During the same time period, dish Stirling solar power systems have quietly accumulated thou- sands of operating hours at various experimental sites in the Southwest. Over the past couple of years, there has been renewed interest in solar generating technologies. Companies interested in utility-scale solar generation realized that CSP, which includes dish Stirling, parabolic trough, power tower, and CPV, was the only currently practical means of gener- ating electricity from the sun. Flat panel PV, aka solar cells, are neither efficient nor cost-effective enough for large-scale power generation and are not expected to be so for a while. Inspired by visions of a cleaner world and motivated by the stunning success of wind power, these compa- nies and the Department of Energy have recently decided to start a new initiative for solar power. Our analysis finds that solar energy is a good match for electricity load shapes in the West and that the available solar energy resources are double the current energy demand in the West. In the section, “The Solar Energy Potential,” we provide an overview of the sun as an energy resource and present an estimate of western solar energy resource potential. Thermal solar generating technologies, including parabolic trough, power tower, and dish Stirling plants are likely to play a dominant role, because of their high efficiency, low cost, and track record. In addition, parabolic trough and power towers have the ability to store solar energy as heat and thus can avoid a great deal of the intermittence issues that are a challenge for wind power and other forms of solar generation. In addition, hybridization with fossil fuels is possible for all thermal solar power plants, allowing around-the-clock generation. From an operational point of view, solar power appears to be the preferred renewable energy source in the Southwest. Solar power output is generally correlated with daily and seasonal loads, while—except in a few places—wind generation is essentially random. In addition, the Southwest has better solar resources than wind resources. If space were the only consideration, solar plants in premium solar resources areas can produce 3.5 times more energy per square mile than a wind power plant located in the highest wind resource class. Of course, land use underneath a wind farm can continue undisturbed while a solar farm requires all the land, but at the same time solar resources are almost always located in deserts. 124PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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