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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY Various emissions-control technologies for NOx, SO2, and mercury exist, but these technologies are costly and are not 100% efficient. In fact, the presence of small amounts of ash in the fumes—the majority of the ash settles at the bottom of the boiler—is one of the reasons why pollution control in coal-fired power plants is so difficult and why engineers try to remove sulfur and ash before the pollutants enter the combustion chamber. One approach is IGCC, one of the clean coal technologies put forward in the President’s National Energy Policy. The first stage is a coal-to-gas conversion plant with a first-stage emissions con- trol system and then a regular combined cycle plant with standard post-combustion emissions control technology. Other advanced coal combustion technologies are being considered but are still in the research and development stage. 2 However, given the forecast natural gas prices, IGCC is currently not cost-efficient, because of the high capital cost of building a gasification plant and, then, a combined cycle (CC) plant. The cost of gasification is not offset by the higher efficiency of the CC process. It is telling that the only existing IGCC plant in the West, Piñion Pine in Nevada, which came on-line in 1998, has been using natural gas for its fuel—bypassing the coal-gasification facility. It is not clear whether IGCC will be an economically viable alternative, at least over the next few years. Therefore, based on economics, it appears that only conventional boiler-based coal-fired power plants could compete in the West, even though many FBCs have recently been proposed as well. However, the emission controls that would pay for themselves indicate that new coal plants could trigger a SO2 trading program under the Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP), which could ultimately limit the number of plants that are built.3 The Western Regional Council (WRC) estimates that between 4,510 and 13,100 MW of new coal-fired capacity could be added in western states over the next 18 years without triggering the trading program, while the WGA estimates that figure to be in the range of 7,000 to 19,000 MW. And finally, CO2 emissions are a big burden for coal plants because of the lower efficiency of coal-fired generation, which means that a larger amount of fuel needs to be burned to provide the same amount of electricity, and because of the chemistry of the coal combustion process, which contains more carbon atoms per unit of heat than natural gas. The heat rate (a measure of efficiency) of a new state-of-the-art conventional coal plant is about 9,500 Btu/kWh. In com- parison, any modern gas-fired CC plant would be expected to reach heat rates as low as 7,100 Btu/kWh. In the end, even the best coal-fired power plant produces two to three times more CO2 per kilowatt than a gas-fired combined cycle plant. On the fuel side of power generation from coal, the mining of coal has a substantial and often lasting impact on the environment in many regions. Any form of mining, and especially coal min- ing, where large volumes of material are extracted from the earth, disturbs the region’s geology and hydrology. But while this is true for many mining technologies, it is not true for all. For exam- 116PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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