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4.4.2.1.4 Third-Generation Technologies Technology System Status The thermodynamic limit for the efficiency of conversion of sunlight to electricity is 93%, although the route to such high efficiency is presently unknown. In the 1950s and 1960s, there were many publications on solar cells involving fundamentally different approaches to converting sunlight into electricity. Researchers of that period determined that most of these approaches were impractical because many enabling technologies weren’t available. Several of the approaches have been labeled as “third-generation” solar cells by Australian researchers pioneering these efforts; first- and second-generation technologies are crystalline silicon and thin film solar cells, respectively. As an example, a fundamental loss mechanism in conventional solar cells is that electrons given too much energy by sunlight lose that energy as heat as the electrons thermalize to the bottom of the conduction band. So-called “hot-carrier” solar cells would use quantum dots (i.e., nanoparticles) to confine electrons long enough so that they could be extracted to do work before their energy dissipates as heat. Nanotechnologies and other alternative approaches are very important for third-generation technologies. Another concept—impact ionization—would produce two electrons, instead of just one, for sun light with sufficient energy. Yet another concept explores the use of minibands in a superlattice structure to mimic a multijunction solar cell. These third-generation concepts are targeting much higher efficiencies—60% and higher—while conserving the potential for extremely low-cost manufacturing. Current Activities: The University of New South Wales in Australia is the world’s leading explorer for third-generation concepts. There are also small research projects at the Polytechnic University of Madrid, Imperial College in London, and at NREL. The University of New South Wales has a 10-year funding horizon to develop third-generation concepts. NREL’s in-house Beyond the Horizon project is funded at less than $200K per year. The “Core” university science initiative, if funded in FY 2004, could support several large university projects exploring new PV concepts, including third-generation concepts. Program Coordination and Implementation: There is no DOE Solar Program in this area to coordinate because there is only one in-house project at NREL. Coordination with Related Programs: The University of New South Wales has held several small workshops for the very small set of universities and laboratories looking at third-generation concepts. NREL’s Senior Research Fellow has participated in these workshops. All of the participants in the workshops have given presentations at the DOE/NREL Future Generation Photovoltaics and Photovoltaics for the 21st Century conferences. Technology and Component Goals and Objectives Goal: The goal is to identify and verify, both theoretically and experimentally, third-generation concepts leading to very high-efficiency and very low-cost options for producing solar electricity at very low cost. Objectives: The2003baselineforthird-generationconceptsis: • Several concepts for third-generation solar cells have been proposed • None of the concepts have been shown to work. The 2007 objectives for third-generation concepts are: • Demonstrate that one of these third-generation concepts works. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 126PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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