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totally different market. Some startup organic solar cell companies have openly said they are targeting solar cell materials such as fibers or flexible materials that can be worn on clothing to power cell phones, personal data assistants, or high-capacity personal music systems. • Initiate theoretical studies for doping organic materials • Conduct peer review of “Beyond the Horizon PV” (organic) projects • Determine operational characteristics of excitonic solar cells using biomimetic, organic and nanotechnology concepts • Assess efficiency potential, stability and reliability of organic polymer and small-molecule solar cells • Identify commercialization pathways for promising new technologies via university/industrial partnerships Schedule and Milestones (Refer to Table 4.4-2) 4.4.2.1.2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Technology System Status The dye-sensitized solar cell, an inorganic/organic material concept, appeared as a breakthrough in fundamental solar cell research with the appearance of a publication in Nature in 1991 authored by Swiss researchers. Dye solar cells had been studied since the early 1970s, but the efficiencies had been extremely low prior to the discovery that flat oxide films can be replaced with a large-surface-area nanocrystalline form of titanium oxide (about 80 m2/g) and a new organic dye that was well matched to the oxide and did not degrade. Excitons created by sunlight on the dye were able to transfer electrons extremely rapidly into the titanium dioxide, and dye cell conversion efficiency demonstrated a quantum leap; the present world record approaches 11%. A liquid electrolyte is needed to complete the cell’s electrical circuit, but titanium dioxide is a robust material in the presence of the electrolyte and laboratory lifetime tests for the dye cell are suggesting years of stable operation. This extraordinarily high efficiency for a new solar cell concept and the low cost of the porous titanium dioxide matrix have generated considerable interest. The promise of this technology is also demonstrated in the simplicity of its manufacturing process, which involves no vacuum or high-temperature processing. The dye solar cell has been a major subject in the field of photochemistry, and thousands of research publications have appeared in scientific journals or in the proceedings of international photochemistry conferences. The research foundation for this concept is quite solid, but the key intellectual property resides with the Swiss research laboratory that discovered it. In summary, the promise of the dye solar cell is the result of low-cost materials; good, stable solar conversion efficiency; and a simple, low- cost manufacturing process. Current Activities: The Solar Program has funded NREL researchers with about $225,000 per year for much of the past decade. Caltech receives about $120,000 per year from a Beyond the Horizon contract, so that total DOE Solar Program funding is about $350,000 annually. Program Coordination and Implementation: The Solar Program funds researchers for dye cell research so that coordination is limited to sharing research information through visits or research conferences. The most recent Photovoltaics for the 21st Century II conference hosted more than a dozen of the world’s best dye solar cell scientists to provide data for the published dye solar cell assessment prepared to meet a FY 2001 milestone. Peer reviews are important for effective project implementation to ensure high-quality research is taking place. Coordination with Related Programs: DOE’s Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) funds considerable fundamental research related to the dye solar cell. An international photochemistry conference in 2001 had more than 70 presentations on the dye solar cell. BES funded the basic research for many of the presentations. The best presenters were invited to participate in the DOE/NREL dye solar cell session at the Photovoltaics for the 21st Century II conference. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 122PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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