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impact as a result of the huge R&D investments made to penetrate the more lucrative organic display markets. Several of these nonconventional PV technologies, including organic solar cells, work through a fundamentally different process for generating electricity. Conventional PV technologies are based on light creating separate electrons and holes that are swept away by an internal electric field produced by a p-n semiconductor junction. In an organic solar cell, light creates a bound electron-hole pair, called an exciton, that separates into an electron on one side and a hole on the other side of a material interface within the device. This distinction means that much of conventional PV technology is not applicable to organic solar cell development. One result of this distinctly different photovoltaic process is that organic solar cells are typically 10 times thinner than thin-film solar cells, which are already some 100 times thinner than crystalline-silicon solar cells. Although we can expect reduced materials costs for organic solar cells, there will likely be more stringent thickness and uniformity requirements. There are also two types of organic solar cells: those based on small-molecules with molecular weights less than 10,000, and those based on polymers with molecular weights in the millions. The small-molecule organic solar cells tend to be more efficient, perhaps over 4% conversion efficiency, whereas, the polymer solar cell may be closer to 3% efficient. The small-molecule technology uses vacuum deposition techniques, whereas, the polymer technologies rely on preparation in beakers and flasks with simple coating techniques related to printing technologies. For both types of organic cells, considerable R&D will be required to realize their promise. Current Activities: NREL has a small internal research effort focusing on polymer solar cells. Research will continue at several universities on organic solar cell projects begun almost 2 years ago under the Beyond the Horizon PV funding. These include heterojunction small-molecule solar cells at Princeton, liquid-crystal (small-molecule) cells at the University of Arizona, polymer cells at University of California Santa Cruz and NREL, and small molecular chromophore cells under development jointly at Johns Hopkins and North Carolina State University. Each of these projects is funded at low levels (between $120,000 to $150,000 per year) and typically supports one or two graduate students per year for periods of 3 years so that total funding is about $700,000 in FY 2003. Program Coordination and Implementation: Sharing of research information through research publications and at research conferences is critically important for both coordination and implementation. There have been three conferences sponsored by DOE and NREL—Future Generation Photovoltaics and Photovoltaics for the 21st Century I and II—that have permitted reviews of DOE-funded projects, as well as presentations from internationally recognized experts. Peer reviews of research results are especially important for effective project implementation to ensure high quality and identify performance problems. Coordination with Related Programs: Coordination with industry efforts to develop organic displays or organic lighting can help leverage research to improve solar cell efficiency and stability. Spin-off companies working on organic displays, as well as organic solar cells, have been established around the Princeton and Johns Hopkins/NCSU research. In these cases, the coordination is implicit. Because of considerable industry support to universities for organic displays, several universities found themselves well positioned to write excellent proposals for the Beyond the Horizon solicitation. To date, there has been no coordination with other government agency activities in organic electronics. This could be a topic for a future Interagency Advanced Power Group meeting. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 120PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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