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of this component in PV systems: organic, dye-sensitized, nanotechnology, and “third- generation” solar cells. Advanced Building Integrated Concepts: With one-third of the total U.S. energy consumption due to building energy requirements and the ubiquitous nature of solar energy in the United States, building-related solar-energy technologies could potentially have an enormous impact on the country’s energy supply. Two novel approaches for achieving this potential are discussed. The first is the AC Building Block for supplying solar electricity, and the second is a device that produces both electricity and useful thermal energy. Another opportunity exists that could leverage Solar Program resources from DOE’s Building Technologies Program and access large additional markets. This opportunity lies in advanced lighting development. The physics of the leading advanced lighting technologies presently being considered are shared with the physics of certain advanced PV cells. Advanced Solar Conversion: The third category is in the area of solar or solar-assisted hydrogen production. As the country moves toward a hydrogen energy future, methods are being sought for cleanly producing this fuel through renewable energy. Several solar energy technologies could provide cost-effective methods for accomplishing this. Both solar-thermal and direct-conversion approaches will be described. 4.4.2 New Technologies and Concepts 4.4.2.1 Beyond the Horizon and Future Generation Photovoltaics These two titles highlighted DOE-funded efforts in the late 1990s to explore new PV technologies and to support fundamental research on mature PV technologies. The Future Generation PV request for proposals in the late 1990s led to new research projects at 18 U.S. universities. Soon thereafter, the Beyond the Horizon request for proposals resulted in 15 more efforts at 4 companies and 11 universities. They were all the result of recognition by the PV Subprogram for providing some support for high-risk, high-payoff PV ideas requiring long-term research, development, and innovation. Sometimes the new concepts haven’t really been new; their origins can frequently be traced back to the early days of solar cell research in the 1950s and 1960s. However, they may have lacked critical enabling technologies or breakthroughs that have since appeared on the scene, inviting a fresh look at their potential. At present, there are four nonconventional PV technologies in today’s spotlight—organic solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, solar cells based on nanotechnology materials, and third- generation concepts. Their status and challenges are highlighted in the sections below, along with the research approaches and tasks needed for their development. Fundamental research is a fifth area for conventional PV technologies, specifically thin films and crystalline silicon. 4.4.2.1.1 Organic Solar Cells Technology System Status The Nobel Prize for chemistry in 2001 highlighted the promise of organic solar cells because the award recognized discoveries in organic semiconductors—the building blocks for organic electronics, displays, and solar cells. During the 1990s, organic semiconductors demonstrated incredible progress in display technologies, with many small and large companies developing display products for commercial and defense applications. Organic displays are more efficient than incandescent light bulbs and are quickly approaching the efficiency of fluorescent lighting. Displays are, however, based on the inverse process of solar cell operation wherein light produces electricity instead of electricity generating light in a display. The relationship between the two processes is close enough that success in display technologies will likely provide research and development benefits for organic solar cell technologies. We can therefore expect a leveraging effect because a small investment in organic PV R&D is likely to have a larger Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 119PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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