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Performance comparison and parametric optimization of subcritical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and transcritical power cycle system for low-temperature geothermal power generation

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Performance comparison and parametric optimization of subcritical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and transcritical power cycle system for low-temperature geothermal power generation ( performance-comparison-and-parametric-optimization-subcritic )

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Applied Energy 88 (2011) 2740–2754 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Applied Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy Performance comparison and parametric optimization of subcritical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and transcritical power cycle system for low-temperature geothermal power generation Zhang Shengjun ⇑, Wang Huaixin, Guo Tao Department of Thermal Energy and Refrigeration Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China article info Article history: Received 31 October 2010 Received in revised form 22 February 2011 Accepted 22 February 2011 Keywords: Organic Rankine cycle Transcritical power cycle Parametric optimization Low-temperature geothermal Working fluids 1. Introduction In recent years, accelerated consumption of fossil fuels has caused lots of serious environment problems such as global warm- ing, ozone layer destruction, acid rains and contamination of lands and seas. Furthermore, along with the fast development of indus- try, energy shortage and blackouts have appeared more and more frequently all over the world. In this context, using renewable like solar energy, wind energy, biomass and geothermal as well as waste heat for electricity production becomes important. There are abundant geothermal resources available in the world. Generally, the high-temperature reservoirs (>220 °C) are the ones most suitable for commercial production of electricity with dry stream and flash stream systems. The low- and med- ium-temperature geothermal resources with temperatures of typ- ically below 220°C are by far the most commonly available resource [1] and are highly recommended for using in local district ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 022 2740 5049. E-mail address: zhangshengjun@tju.edu.cn (Z. Shengjun). 0306-2619/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.02.034 abstract Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a promising technology for converting the low-grade energy to electricity. This paper presents an investigation on the parameter optimization and performance comparison of the fluids in subcritical ORC and transcritical power cycle in low-temperature (i.e. 80–100 °C) binary geother- mal power system. The optimization procedure was conducted with a simulation program written in Matlab using five indicators: thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, recovery efficiency, heat exchanger area per unit power output (APR) and the levelized energy cost (LEC). With the given heat source and heat sink conditions, performances of the working fluids were evaluated and compared under their optimized internal operation parameters. The optimum cycle design and the corresponding operation parameters were provided simultaneously. The results indicate that the choice of working fluid varies the objective function and the value of the optimized operation parameters are not all the same for different indicators. R123 in subcritical ORC system yields the highest thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of 11.1% and 54.1%, respectively. Although the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of R125 in transcritical cycle is 46.4% and 20% lower than that of R123 in subcritical ORC, it provides 20.7% larger recovery efficiency. And the LEC value is relatively low. Moreover, 22032L petroleum is saved and 74,019 kg CO2 is reduced per year when the LEC value is used as the objective function. In conclusion, R125 in transcritical power cycle shows excellent economic and environmental performance and can maximize utilization of the geother- mal. It is preferable for the low-temperature geothermal ORC system. R41 also exhibits favorable perfor- mance except for its flammability. Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. heating. However, there are only few applications that can use this energy directly as heat in site and transportation of large quantities of heat over long distances is not practical. In recent years, organic Rankine cycle is proposed as an efficient technology for converting the low- and medium-temperature heat to electricity. There are several advantages in using an ORC compared with conventional steam power cycles, including efficient utilization of energy resources, smaller systems and outstanding economical perfor- mance [2]. Much research has been conducted on the ORC system. The main challenges of the ORC are the choice of an appropriate work- ing fluid and of the particular cycle design with which the opti- mum objective function can be achieved. Pure working fluids used in organic Rankine cycles have been studied. Hettiarachchi [1] compared the economic performance of ammonia, HCFC123, n-Pentane and PF5050 under the optimized cycle parameters. Nafey et al. [3] studied the performance of 16 pure working fluids for solar power generation. Heberle [4] imple- mented an optimization routine to maximize the cycle power out- put and proposed R227ea and isopentane as the most favorable

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