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Kaplan. between the cooling media and the working fluid in the cold section of the process (condenser) is another form of loss. In addition to the above, there are mechanical and electrical losses which reduce the net generated output, as compared to maximum available exergy. The overall exergetic efficiency of a power plant is defined as the ratio between the plant net power and the exergy of the hot source, as follows: ηex = Wnet m⋅e Where: Figure 2 The geothermal condensate is mixed with the separated brine to provide the preheating medium of the organic fluid. In the ideal case, as presented in the Q/T diagram (Figure 3), the steam latent heat would be equal to the heat of vaporization of the organic fluid and the sensible heat of the brine plus condensate would be equal to the heat required to preheat the organic fluid. This “perfect” match of heat transfer between the geothermal fluid and the working fluid represents maximum thermodynamic efficiency with minimum losses. ηex m Wnet = overall exergetic efficiency = the heat source fluid mass flow = Net power generated by the plant The irreversibility of a binary process on the hot side, namely the temperature difference between the heating fluid and the working fluid, is very nicely demonstrated on a Q/T (Heat rejected from the heating fluid vs. Temperature) diagram. Figure 1 is a typical Q/T diagram showing a liquid-type heat source heating the working fluid in a simple ORC containing a preheater and vaporizer. The marked parts between the two curves represents the irreversibility (losses) of the conversion process. It is clear from this figure that the similarity in shape of the two curves and the proximity between them are good indications of the process efficiency. [4] T(Co) Heat Source Working Fluid Vaporizer Pre-heater Figure 3 4. RECUPERATED CYCLE [6] In most of the actual cases, the perfect match as above is not feasible, mainly because of limitation in the cooling temperature of the brine and condensate mixture. The limiting factor in most of the cases is the silica scaling risk, which is increased as the brine temperature drops. A method to partially overcoming the cooling temperature limit is to add a recuperator which provides some of the preheating heat from the vapor exiting the turbine. The recuperator is applicable when the organic fluid is of the “dry expansion” type, namely a fluid where the expansion in the turbine is done in the dry superheated zone and the expanded vapor contains heat that has to be extracted prior to the condensing stage (Figure 4). The recuperated Organic Rankine cycle is typically 10-15% more efficient than the simple Organic Rankine cycle (Figure 5). This applies also to the two-phase geothermal power plant. Figure 1 3. TWO-PHASE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT In the majority of geothermal fields worldwide, the geothermal fluid is separated in an above ground separator into a stream of steam and a stream of brine. In a low to moderate enthalpy resource the steam quality is 10 to 30% as a function of fluid enthalpy and separation pressure. The two streams can very efficiently be utilized in a “Two-Phase ORC Unit”, as shown in Figure 2. Separated steam (usually with some percentage of Non-Condensible Gases or NCGs) is introduced in the vaporizer to vaporize the organic fluid. o: marcom/papers/EGC/4547 2 April 16, 2007 Q (kJ)PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycle Configurations
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