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Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010 Geothermal Resource Base for South America: A Continental Perspective Cardoso, R.R1., Hamza, V.M1. and Alfaro, C2. 1Observatório Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2Instituto Colombiano de Geología y Minería, Bogotá, Colombia rrc@on.br; hamza@on.br; calfaro@ingeominas.gov.co Keywords: Geothermal Resource Estimates, South America, Continental Perspective ABSTRACT Recently updated data sets on crustal seismic velocities, gravity anomalies, radiogenic heat production, terrestrial heat flow and thermal springs have been employed in outlining regional variations in the thermal characteristics of the South American continental lithosphere. A 2ox2o grid system was adopted for data processing and in determinations of vertical distributions of excess temperatures. The results obtained have lead to an improved understanding of the tectonic control on the occurrence of geothermal resources and allowed estimates of resource base. It has been possible to identify more than 20 crustal blocks where the resource base per unit area, referred to the accessible depth limit of 3 km, are in the range of 1013 to 1014 Joules. The area extent of the blocks ranges from several tens to hundreds of kilometers. Most of high temperature resources occur within the well known sectors of magmatic activity in southern and central Chile, Altiplano region in Bolivia, and several localities along the magmatic arc covering western Ecuador, central volcanic belt of Colombia and southern Venezuela. In addition, isolated pockets of geothermal resources are found to be present along the western Andean belt in Peru. There are indications pointing to occurrence of medium temperature geothermal resources at depths of 3 to 5 km in some sectors of the eastern parts of the continent, mainly in the northeastern and central parts of Brazil. The results have also allowed better assessments of low temperature resources of the Guarani aquifer system, which span over large areas of southern Brazil, western Uruguay and northern Argentina. 1. INTRODUCTION Assessments of geothermal resources have been made for several countries in South America. These include Argentina (Miranda and Pesce, 1997; Pesce, 1995; Pesce, 2000; Pesce, 2005), Bolivia (Delgadillo, 1997), Brazil (Hamza et al, 1978; Hamza and Eston, 1983; Hamza et al, 2005), Chile (Lahsen, 1988; Lahsen et al, 2005), Colombia (Alfaro et al, 2000), Ecuador (Ameida, 1988; Beate and Salgado, 2005), Peru (Diaz and Guillermo, 1988; Parodi, 1975,) and Venezuela (Almandoz and Rojas, 1988; Urbani, 1989). Many of these assessments rely almost exclusively on results of local geothermal measurements. In addition, evaluations of geothermal energy potential have been carried out for areas characterized by occurrences of natural thermal fluid discharges at the surface, mainly in the Andean region. According to Battocletti (1999; Huttrer, 2001) the total power potential for such geothermal areas is estimated to be 14660 MWe. Table (1) provides a summary of geothermal power potential, derived from these earlier studies, for the continental area of South America. As expected almost all of the high enthalpy resources are located in the Andean region. Only low enthalpy resources have so far been identified in the eastern part of the continent. Table (1) Estimates of geothermal power potential for selected localities. NHE and NLE refer to numbers of localities with high and low enthalpy resources (* - Battocletti, 1999 (MWe); ** - present work (MWt)). Group High Enthalpy Country NHE NLE Argentina 4 17 Bolivia 4 6 Chile 12 Colombia 5 Ecuador 5 Peru 12 V enezuela 3 Brazil 1? 25 Uruguay 0 5 Paraguay 0 5 British Guiana French Guiana Suriname Potential (MW) 2010* 2490* 2350* 2210* 1700* 2990* 910* 250** 50** 10** Low Enthalpy Unknown 1 A major weakness of these earlier studies is that the resource estimates are based primarily on temperature data from geothermal areas. Very few attempts seem to have been made so far in deriving resource assessments that also incorporate data on regional geologic and geophysical characteristics of subsurface strata. In the present work, a new approach has been adopted that take into consideration not only available information on near surface temperature and heat flow but also supplementary data on regional lithologic and hydrologic characteristics of subsurface strata, that have direct bearings on the occurrence of geothermal resources. 2. SOURCES OF DA T A The temperature and heat flow data employed in the present work are derived from the geothermal database for South America, maintained by the National Observatory, Brazil. Major difficulties in organizing this database arise from the large variations in the quality of information and the limited availability of reliable experimental data. Nevertheless, information that compose this data base has been useful in determining mean values of temperature gradient and heat flow for 20 x 20 grid systems covering significant parts ofPDF Image | Geothermal Resource Base for South America: A Continental Perspective
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