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I THE HOT DRY ROCK CONCEPT AND RESOURCE BASE HDR geothermal energy, which utilizes the natural heat contained in the earth's crust, can provide a widely available source of nonpolluting energy. The earth's heat represents an almost unlimited source of indigenous energy that could begin to be exploited worldwide within the next decade through the LANL-developed heat-mining concept. The feasibility of this concept has already been demonstrated by LANL through a sequence of field experiments at the Fenton Hill HDR test site extending over more than 20 years. AS depicted in Figure 1, hydraulic fracturing techniques developed by the oil industry would be used to create a very large stimulated volume of hot crystalline rock containing significant artificial permeability. This permeability would be created by pressure dilating the multiply interconnected array of preexisting -- but hydrothermally resealed -- natural joints and fractures contained in a previously almost completely impermeable rock mass. This hydraulically stimulated region (the HDR reservoir) would then be connected to the surface through a pair of producrion wells, forming a closed-loop circulating system to transport the geothermal heat to the surface to be used in heating a secondary working fluid in a Rankine power cycle, or alternatively, to be used nearby for direct heating applications. In effect, we would be mining heat in a fashion analogous to the way other earth resources are obtained, but without any attendant pollution since the only thing that would be produced in this closed-loop process would be heat. Numerous estimates place the accessible HDR resource base somewhere between 10 and 13 million quads in the US, and over 100 million quads worldwide (Tester et al., 1989). Figure 2 provides estimates of the geothermal temperature gradient distribution across the US and clearly shows that the moderate-grade (30" to 4 5 O C h ) HDR resource is well distributed. Kron and Heiken (1980) estimate the high-grade US HDR resource base, with gradients greater than 4 5 O C h . to be in excess of 650,000 quads. Thus, on almost any basis, the amount of potentially usable thermal energy in the HDR resource is vast -- literally orders of magnitude larger than the sum total,of all fossil and fissionable resources (see Figure 3 for a resource comparison on a worldwide basis). Even if only a small fraction of the accessible HDR resource base is ultimately extracted, the impact on the US energy supply could be far-reaching. PRIOR RESEARCH During the p&oifrom 1974 through 1995, LANL was actively engaged in field-testing and demonstrating the Hot Dry Rock (HDR) geothermal energy concept at their Fenton Hill HDR test site in the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico (Brown, 1995a). This testing ended with the very successful demonstration of sustained energy production from the deeper HDR reservoir during a series of flow tests referred to as the Long-Term Flow Test (LTFT), conducted from April 1992 through July 1995 (Brown, 1994 and 1995b). Although that program has now ended, a vast amount of information was obtained concerning the characteristics and performance of confined HDR reservoirs d u j n g this extended period of testing. For instance, a recent report (Brown, 1999) summarizes the data from the LTIT supporting the existence and long-term stability of a highly pressurized region of jointed rock at a depth of 3.6 km, which is quite germane to studying the deep sequestration of carbon dioxide in basement rock associated with an HDR geothermal power-production system. THE SCC02-HDR CONCEPT In this new concept for engineered geothermal reservoirs, which embodies much of the original HDR concept developed and demonstrated by .LANL, SCCO2 would be used for both the fracturing fluid and the heat transport fluid for deep-earth heat-mining systems. As envisioned, a three-well HDR system -- two production wells and one injection well -- would be employed to best access the fractured reservoir region (Brown and DuTeaux, 1997). As shown schematically in Figure 1, the heat contained in the hot geofluid would be transferred to a secondary working fluid in a high-pressure heat exchanger included as part of the surface power plant. A major contributing factor to the enhanced performance of an SCC02-HDR system is the very significant buoyant drive across the reservoir, arising from the marked density contrast between the hot fluid rising in the production wells and the cold, much more dense fluid in the injection well. For example, for an appropriate set of SCCO2 surface operating conditions for the HDR reservoir depicted in Figure 1 -- a mean injection pressure of 30 MPa at 40°C and a surface production backpressure of 30 MPa at 250°C. the mean fluid density in the injection wellbore would be 0.96 g/cc and the corresponding mean fluid density in the production wellbores would be 0.39 d c c , providing a density difference of about 0.57 g/cc. At a reservoir depth of 4 km,this augmented buoyant drive provided by using SCCO2 instead of water as the geofluid would add an additional 22 MPa (3200 psi) to the pressure differential driving fluid across the reservoir. For the case of laminar flow which is the accepted flow regime in HDR reservoirs, this would more than double the production flow rate compared to a water-based HDR system with the same reservoir flow impedance and injection pressure, potentially providing a thermal power potential exceeding that of an equivalent water-based HDR system. 767PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL POWER PRODUCTION UTILIZING SUPERCRITICALCOz COMBINEDWITHDEEPEARTHCARBONSEQUESTRATION
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