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still in a relatively early phase, we have laid out a logical approach: begin with a review of PV module cost and efficiency projections, then carry out a review of inverter costs and performance projections, and finally, assemble a complete review of PV system cost and performance projections. At this point, we are working with researchers at the University of California– Berkeley to conduct a literature review of PV module cost and performance projections. 3.2 Benchmarking Benchmarking is a long-term process, and the results to date are preliminary. The main source of data and analysis for the residential sector has been through the activities of the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), through their support of state incentive programs. The FSEC database includes more than 250 installations, with expected cost information on about 100 such systems and continued performance monitoring of more than 40 systems. We are also assessing downstream costs related to operation and maintenance of installed systems. Table 2 shows some of this type of data as it is being assimilated into the FSEC database. This information is being collected from installers as they honor system warrantees. Although not all O&M events for these systems are exclusively related to inverters, the information in Table 2 relates only to inverter actions and serves as an indication of the types of information that will be useful over time as program databases are populated. Table 2. Sample Log of Inverter O&M Actions from the FSEC Database Table 3. Preliminary Benchmarking Results for PV Systems Parameter Units Utility Commercial Residential General: System Size KWdc @STC 135kW 24 - 100kW 3 - 10kW Module Technology: System Orientation mono, poly c-Si; a-Si, CdTe mono, poly c-Si; CdT e mono, poly crystalline One axis tracking; fixed Fixed - horizontal; fixed Inverter Size Performance: kW 125 - 150 10 to 30 Normalized monthly energy production kWh/kWd c/POA, 0.78 - 0.86 0.6 - 0.8 0.66-0.78 Inverter efficiency % 93 - 96 90 88 - 94 Installed Cost: Module price $/W p,dc 3.70 - 4.00 $2.25 - 7.74 4.13 - 4.95 Inverter price $/W ac 1 $0.50 0.95 - 1.25 All-other BOS $/W ac 0.02 $0.71 0.55 - 1.18 All BOS (if no breakdown) $/W ac 1.5 $2.44 - 3.59 Design labor $/W ac 1 $0.20 - 1.15 Install labor $/W ac 0.43 $0.22 - 2.17 1.40 - 2.09 System Installed Price $/W ac 6.00 - 7.5 $4.30 - $16.13 7.31 - 9.07 Total O&M Cost System Unavailability $/kWhac 0.005 - 0.013 $0.02 - 0.15 Prelim. 1% - 2% 1% - 2% Action – Mode Replaced Component – Inverter- Internal Repaired – Inverter-Fuse Failure- Unknown Cause Repaired – Inverter-Internal Repaired – Inverter-Fuse Failure- Known Current Surge Repaired – Inverter-GFI Count Parts Cost ($) Labor Cost ($) min – avg – max min – avg - max 5 034017002570100 6 06.6710120120120 Avg. Down Time (days) 38.20 4 3.3 Modeling As discussed under technical approach, the modeling effort includes four distinct modules. 3.3.1 User-interface module. The user-interface module allows the user to access various default configurations of solar energy systems. Default system configurations, performance, and cost parameters are provided, but can be changed to evaluate the impact of these parameters on key results. Drop-down menus provide in-depth access to component-level inputs. Standard graphical and tabular results are available, or data can be exported to other software packages, such as Excel or PowerPoint. In FY 2004, particular emphasis was placed up front on the design of a user interface that could meet the needs of a diverse set of users. User profiles were developed to provide a general description of DOE, laboratory, and industry users and their motivations for using the modeling tool. A mockup of the user interface was developed, and a series of usability sessions were conducted to provide feedback on the initial interface design. This feedback was used to refine the interface used for the working version of the model. 3.3.2 System-performance module. The system- performance simulation module calculates the transient, generally hour-by-hour, performance of a collection of components configured into an overall system design. These calculations are done in the background and are not visible to the 5 0 26.6 80 50 50 50 2 10 10 10 0 0 0 1 000 11 60.40 55 The benchmarking results to date are summarized in Table 3, which shows summarized parameters for the three sectors under study. Note that Table 3 covers several module technologies, as well as mounting configurations.PDF Image | FY 2004 ANNUAL REPORT DOE Solar
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