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installation (labor, materials, overhead/profit), marketing, and O&M. Cost-modeling framework and algorithms are detailed in [2]. When a component is varied, installation costs and O&M costs are varied accordingly, as in [3]. We define a series of hypothetical cost-reduction measures for each system type. As in Table 1, BOS variations include unpressurized polymer storage with immersed polymer heat exchangers, integrated polymer piping, and an integrated valve package. A variation specific to glycol systems is to eliminate the storage-side pump with a thermosiphon loop between heat exchanger and solar storage tank. Collector variations and assumed costs are given in Table 2. Table 1. BOS Components and Assumed Cost Component Metal tank/ ht exchanger Polym. tank/ ht exchanger Integrated piping Valve package Table 2. Assumed Collectors, Properties, and Costs Fr(τα)n1 FrUl1 Cost 0.779 4.77 $500 Collector Metal-glass- selective Metal-glass- non-selective Polymer- selective2 Polymer- non- selective Polymer- unglazed 1Taken from [4], except for unglazed data from [5]. 2Properties assumed as identical to the metal-glass selective collector. Results for COSE for the base case and the best two variations for the three system types are shown in Table 3. With all cost-reducing BOS variations in place, the maximum reduction in COSE is obtained with the hypothetical selective polymer collector, and is over 50% for all system types. In all three system types, the result with the nonselective polymer collector is about the same as with the base-case metal-glass selective collector. 0.768 7.245 $450 0.779 4.77 $250 0.739 8.216 $200 0.88- 10.24+ $100 0.029*v 4.69*v Cost1 $460 Description Conventional tank with external side-arm hx Unpressurized polymer tank with immersed $180 polymer hx Supply/return piping $25/1002 with integral insulation Factory-assembled unit $200 of valves and sensors 1 Direct cost; no related installation costs or O&M. 2 $1/ft for glycol and drainback; $4/ft for thermosiphon. 3. Results and Accomplishments The BOS enhancements do not per se affect system performance; their impact is on first cost only. Simulations were done for the four unique sets of collector parameters (selective polymer = selective metal-glass) for all three system types, except that the unglazed collector has not been done with the thermosiphon system because of convergence problems. Efficiency of the glycol system with the four collector parameter sets is shown in Fig. 1. The efficiency is about constant for each collector, decreasing slightly with increasing site temperature. U.S. maps of savings, efficiency, and solar fraction for all systems/collectors can be found in [3], similar to Fig. 2. Fig. 1. Efficiency (Savings/Incidence) for the glycol system with the four different sets of collector parameters. Glycol Solar System 45% 35% 25% Selective Nonselective Polymer Unglazed 15% 0 10 20 30 Annual Average Temperature (Co) EfficiencyPDF Image | FY 2004 ANNUAL REPORT DOE Solar
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