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Task Title Industry Manufacturing Assistance 3. Results and Accomplishments FY 2004 Budget ($K) 380 than necessary (i.e., more diesels and more fuel transport/consumption). In an attempt to reduce these problems, the Army asked SNL to identify and analyze alternative water-heating methods. SNL compared the logistics and costs of using solar hot water systems vs. diesel heat recovery systems, and found that diesel heat recovery would be preferred, in most cases. Use of relatively inexpensive solar water-heating equipment from Middle Eastern or U.S. suppliers was identified to be a viable option for cases in which the diesel heat recovery system could not provide the entire hot water load at a particular site. Because of more pressing non-energy problems, the Army has not yet decided whether to implement the SNL recommendations. 3.3 Helping City Officials and Green Developers Integrate Solar into New Projects SNL helped develop Sustainable Energy Standards for the City of Tucson. These standards included requirements for solar systems, preferably SDHW, on every new home. As the residing solar technology expert on the Standards Development Committee, SNL developed the draft standard for the minimum solar installation as a function of the type and size of the building. The standard applies to all residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. The proposed standard will be considered by the city council in the fall of 2004, and we will present expert witness testimony at the hearings. Also in Tucson, we are advising a developer regarding the development of a completely sustainable community in the downtown area. This development will have all on-site generation including combined heat and power, photovoltaics, and solar hot water. SNL also worked with officials from the City of Albuquerque to develop a request for proposal for third-party-financed solar systems on all city pools. We served in the same capacity for the City of Tucson. The experiences of the City of Tucson will be captured on a future Website so that other communities can emulate the efforts. During FY 2004, more than ten technical assistance projects were performed. The main results from the top five are summarized in this section. 3.1 Monitoring to Support Sale of Green Tags for Solar Hot Water Systems The economics of solar-energy-system ownership can be improved through the sale of “green tags,” which represent the environmental benefits of the solar system. Green tags can be worth several cents/kWh, and the owner of the solar system can sell these tags to reduce the effective cost of system ownership. The PV industry is actively selling green tags, and the USH2O consortium is trying to do the same for solar domestic hot water (SDHW) systems. Under the USH2O concept, hundreds of homes within a particular utility district will all use the same type of SDHW system. Before a green tag can be sold, the energy produced by the solar system must be measured. Monitoring hardware for SDHW systems can be costly. Thus, SNL suggested to USH2O that a statistical approach be used: a subset of the total population should be monitored and statistical inference used to estimate the energy saved by the total population. SNL developed a statistical model for USH2O that indicated only 10% of the homes within the utility district would need to be monitored to accurately predict the energy savings from a total population of several hundred homes. Thus, 90% of the metering hardware could be eliminated for an estimated savings of $100,000 or more on a large deployment. 3.2 Providing Hot Water to Troops in Iraq The U.S. Army has a large number of temporary facilities in Iraq that are being powered by portable generators, mostly diesel. These generators produce electricity that is also used by electric water heaters in their facilities. Heating water with electricity is inherently inefficient; this is leading to logistical problems that are largerPDF Image | FY 2004 ANNUAL REPORT DOE Solar
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