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collectors, mechanical properties (tensile modulus and strength, and strain at break) were measured as a function of time of thermal exposure to dry air and to heated deionized water. Creep measurements were also made at a variety of temperatures and stresses to address concerns about permanent deformations (large-scale bulging of the absorber materials) occurring during operation. 3. Results and Accomplishments The major results and accomplishments of the project during FY 2004 included: • Various candidate polymer glazing material constructions have been subjected to accelerated exposure testing for up to an equivalent of 20 years outdoor exposure in Miami, FL (09/04). • The mechanical creep properties of candidate polymer absorber materials were measured (09/04). 3.1 Glazings Various candidate polycarbonate (PC) glazing material constructions have been subjected to accelerated exposure testing at a light intensity level of 50 UV suns for up to an equivalent of 20 years outdoor exposure in Miami, FL (Fig. 1). The most promising construction uses a UV-screening film that is laminated to a PC sheet with an optically clear adhesive. Without the additional UV-screening layer, PC products (even those that incorporate an integral UV cap) exhibit 3%–5% loss in performance (solar-weighted hemispherical transmittance) after about 2–3 years equivalent exposure. In addition, severe visual yellowing occurs in the same time frame. With the addition of a UV-screening film (Korad®), significant loss in hemispherical transmittance does not begin for samples exposed at 70°C until after ~15 years equivalent outdoor exposure. Samples exposed at 40°C exhibit greater durability. The loss in transmittance after prolonged weathering is not unexpected, because the UV-screening functionality of the Korad film degrades with UV exposure. However, a modified UV-screening film (having either increased thickness or increased loading with UV absorbers) could likely be expected to extend the useful life of PC glazings. We are presently testing several alternate UV-screening films. In addition, UV absorbers having greater photopermanence are being developed by the polymer additives industry and will be evaluated for use with PC glazings. Solar manufacturers have constructed prototype collectors using thermoformed glazings in which the Korad UV-screening film has been thermally laminated to as-extruded PC sheets. We have found that glazing samples produced this way do not exhibit adequate optical durability during accelerated exposure testing. Further research and testing are required and are being pursued to investigate this result. 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 5 Years in Miami, FL 10 Years 15 Years in Miami, FL in Miami, FL 20 Years in Miami, FL 5000 6000 Korad/ Lexan 9034; 20°C Korad/ Lexan 9034; 60°C Korad/ Korad/ Lexan XL10; Sungard; 20°C 20°C Korad/ Korad/ Lexan XL10; Sungard; 60°C 60°C Korad/ Sollx-Lexan; 20°C Korad/ Sollx-Lexan; 60°C 0 Korad blistered on this sample 1000 2000 Total UV Exposure Dose (MJ/m2) Fig. 1. Solar-weighted transmittance of various polycarbonate samples with Korad shield during UV- concentrator exposure 3.2 Absorbers The mechanical creep of metallocene-based multi- density polyethylene (MBMDPE) was measured over a representative range of temperatures (30– 90 oC) and stresses (0.52–2.76 MPa). This allows creep compliance (D) to be calculated for a range of temperatures and stresses experienced during operation. The creep-compliance master curve at a particular reference temperature and stress can then be obtained by shifting measured values of D(t) to a new (extended) time. The resulting creep-compliance master curve (see Fig. 2) suggests that MBMDPE continues to creep with time. Approximately 2% strain will occur in about 10 years (~3x108s) at the reference stress and temperature condition. 3000 4000 Solar Weighted Hemispherical Transmittance (%)PDF Image | FY 2004 ANNUAL REPORT DOE Solar
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