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side storage provides no savings for morning and late-evening loads. The performance estimates will be grounded in simulation once the new thermosiphon models, which allow reverse thermosiphoning, are finished and validated. Once prototypes are completed, tests will be conducted to calibrate the model. If sense prevails and the top-mounted storage is used, projected COSE is 5.2 ¢/kWh, a 48% reduction vs. conventional ICS. Fig. 1. The DEG/SE ICS unit on a roof in San Diego no-load, wet stagnation (no leaking, storage charged). New models for conventional and unpressurized ICS were produced that feature immersed heat exchangers and variable loss coefficients based on first principles. The models can be calibrated with test results for rating projections. A new SRCC test protocol for model calibration has been developed and is being validated. Pipe freezing and market extension with freeze-protection valves (see Fig. 3) were characterized. Overheat protection by venting gaps above and/or below the absorber was shown to be ineffective as originally designed by one of the teams, but can provide some measure of materials protection when paths with high friction are avoided. Fig. 2. The FAFCO thermosiphon design, shown in CAD perspective with storage tubes alongside the collector 3.3 Technical Support It was shown that a polycarbonate glazing with a Korad© film coating will resist degradation from UV radiation upward of 20 years without yellowing or mechanical degradation. The absorber materials for both ICS systems experienced embrittlement under extended dry stagnation (a leak has occurred and the system is empty), but are expected to perform well under Fig. 3: Annual flow in gallons through an Eaton/Dole FP-35 freeze-prevention valve. Nominal set point is 35°F. Maximum acceptable water waste might be set somewhere between 100 (end of light grey square bin) and 1000 (end of open square bin) gallons/year. 3.4 Low-Cost Cold-climate SDHW COSE curves were developed for a base case and potential improvements of three cold-climate SDHW system types: glycol, drainback, and indirect thermosiphon. Costs were computed in the context of new construction and high volume, implying conventional overhead cost factors and low marketing cost. First cost and COSE vs. potential improvement are shown in Fig. 4 for the glycol system. It was shown that >50% reduction in COSE is attainable for systems with low-cost BOS (polymer tanks, heat exchangers and piping, and valve package) and low-cost selective polymer collectors. COSE reduction slightly under 50% is attainable with BOS variations andPDF Image | FY 2004 ANNUAL REPORT DOE Solar
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