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2. Technical Approach The PV Exploratory Research Project has a Minority University Research Associates (MURA) task that provides scientific and technical research opportunities for minority undergraduate students to work on various solar energy technology projects. The task for NREL’s Basic Sciences Center supports exploratory research in quantum dot, organic, and “third generation” solar cells; theoretical studies of c-Si solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells; and specialized characterization of high-efficiency III-V solar cells. These tasks are well leveraged by related science supported by DOE’s Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences. The task for the Georgia Tech Center for Excellence in Silicon Photovoltaics advances the current state of c-Si solar cell technology to make it more competitive with conventional energy. It will emphasize fundamental and applied research appropriate for education and advanced degrees, while also performing industry-relevant research. The University Crystalline Silicon Research task supports exploratory research in c-Si on six research topics determined by the PV industry. These topics include development of improved silicon nitride hydrogenation, methods for handling and processing thin wafers with high yield, neutralization of bad regions in wafers, rear-surface passivation, hybrid heterojunction emitters, and innovative c-Si technologies. The Future Generation II PV Project funds university teams developing high-risk innovative concepts such as organic solar cells and novel solar conversion processes having potential for ultra- high efficiency (>50%, i.e., third-generation cells) and very low cost. It is worth noting that what is generically referred to as Future Generation PV consists of the first Future Generation Project (5/99–7/02) arising out of an international workshop on Future Generation PV in 3/97 in Denver, CO, then a follow-on exploratory research project entitled Beyond the Horizon (6/01–8/04), and now a new Future Generation II Project (9/04–11/07), with all three predicated on exploratory PV research. Involving 34 subcontracted projects and 7 in- house projects, the PV Exploratory Research Project consists of the following major tasks. Task Title Future Generation/ Beyond the Horizon NREL Basic Sciences Center* University c-Si PV Research DOE/GO Center of Excellence MURA Project management *See Table 1 for research activities. 3. Results and Accomplishments 3.1 Basic Sciences Center FY 2004 Budget ($K) 1,375 1,950 950 950 425 700 Researchers discovered a strong causal link between recombination and transport in dye- sensitized solar cells; demonstrated that the morphological properties of core-shell nano- particle films are profoundly affected by the core; measured extremely high quantum yields of 300% (three excitons per photon were created via efficient multiple-exciton generation in quantum dots [nanocrystals]) and developed a totally new theory to explain this phenomenon; and observed optoelectronic properties of individual grain boundaries in CdTe with submicron resolution. BSC researchers also achieved an unprecedented measurement of luminescence from a single isolated impurity center; developed a new theory for doping using large size-mismatched impurities; developed a theory of CIGS grain boundaries; and developed a quantitative assessment of the probability of 1) carrier multiplication and 2) hot electrons in quantum dots for solar cells. Table 1. NREL Basic Sciences Center Activities Principal Investigator Arthur Frank Arthur Nozik Angelo Mascarenhas Angelo Mascarenhas Su-Huai Wei Alex Zunger Satyen Deb Title/Research Activity EERE/OS Dye Cell Research Quantum Dots Solid State Spectroscopy Grain Boundary Studies Computational Materials Science Solid State Theory Basic Sciences Center ManagementPDF Image | FY 2004 ANNUAL REPORT DOE Solar
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