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Renewable Bioresources ISSN 2052-6237 | Volume 2 | Article 4 Research Open Access Energy generation potential of anaerobic digestion from the food and farming wastes of the UK food chain Baboo Lesh Gowreesunker1* and Savvas A Tassou2 Abstract The UK food chain was responsible for 18% of the total UK energy use and produced 32% of the country’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2011. The holistic food chain is estimated to produce around 15Mt of post-farm gate food waste, corresponding to 15% of overall food purchases. The UK Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) estimates that post-farm gate food waste is responsible for more than 20MtCO2e emissions, making 12% of total direct food chain emissions. The majority of post-farm gate food waste comes from households (7.2Mt) and the manufacturing sector (3.2Mt). This waste is largely disposed to landfill. The agricultural sector was found to account for approximately 90Mt of organic material waste, mostly in the form of manures and slurries. In addition to contributing to GHG emissions, wastes also depict a financial and resource flow weakness in the economy. As a result, the UK government is actively promoting energy recovery from waste, particularly through Anaerobic Digestion (AD) systems. This paper explores the energy generation potential of food-chain wastes (i.e. food and manure/slurry wastes) employed in AD systems to produce biogas, which is in turn used in combinations of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems to generate power. Future scenarios on the amount of wastes are developed, and the relative potential of the technologies are investigated. The addition of ORC system with conventional CHP systems have shown to increase the electricity generation potential, at the expense of heat generation. The impacts of the implementation of these technologies are determined from observable trends in the literature, and are intended to be illustrative rather than predictive. For the case of this paper, the ‘Gas Turbine CHP with High-Grade ORC’ has shown the highest energy generation potential upto 2050 for the UK economy. Keywords: Food chain wastes, anaerobic digestion systems, renewable energy technology, biogas *Correspondence: Baboo.Gowreesunker@brunel.ac.uk 1RCUK National Centre for Sustainable Energy use in Food chains, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK. ← Click for updates 2Director of Institute of Energy Futures, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK. CrossMark Introduction The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) has expressed concerns over the high dependence of the global food sector on fossil fuels, which are not aided by the projected 70% increase in current food consumption by 2050 due to the rise in global population [1]. Developed economies use the majority of energy in processing and distribution operations, while developing countries use energy mainly for retail, preparation and cooking [1]. This heavy reliance on fossil-fuels has reinforced the concept of the Energy-Food- Climate Nexus and the importance of food security [1], where all three aspects (Energy, Food and Climate) are intricately linked, such that actions taken in one area are very likely to have consequences on the other areas. It is therefore important to tackle the nexus from both the demand and supply perspectives, that is; improving resource efficiency in the supply chain as well as adopt more sustainable consumption behaviour (such as minimising waste and consuming seasonal products). Food has been found to provide a high degree of personal choice, therefore providing a unique opportunity for consumers to lower their personal impacts [2]. The UK food chain was responsible for 18% of the national energy consumption, and produced 32% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2011 [3,4]. The food chain in the UK consists of various sectors, generally divided under the Standard Industry Classification (SIC) codes 10 and 11 [5], extend from food products (meat, fish, bakery, dairy, etc.) to alcoholic and soft drinks. Energy is used at various stages of each food sector’s chain; to farm, manufacture, process, distribute, retail © 2014 Gowreesunker et al; licensee Herbert Publications Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0). This permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.PDF Image | Energy generation potential of anaerobic digestion from the food and farming wastes of the UK food chain
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