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Metallic-Type CNT Enhancement. Another approach to reducing coating surface resistivity (and improving optoelectronic performance) is to increase the proportion of nanotubes that are metallic in the coating. Today, all nanotubes produced commercially are a mixture of different chiralities or twists in the graphite structure forming the tube. Small-diameter nanotubes (<3 nm) typically have a distribution of one part metallic to two parts semiconductive nanotubes. The resulting bulk mixture exhibits volume conductivity lower than that measured for purely metallic nanotubes. Recently, methods have been discovered to separate different types of tubes in a given raw feedstock. Most academic and commercial researchers are interested in separating the semiconductive nanotubes for use in solar and discrete electronic devices and discarding the metallic nanotubes as waste. By using only metallic-type CNTs, it is estimated that the electrical resistivity the coating will be lower by at least a factor of 3. Eikos will use special separation processes to enhance the content of metallic CNT in ink formulations, create TCCs from the formulations, and evaluate optoelectronic performance. If possible, PV cells will be fabricated from the enhanced CNT material. Expected Outcome of Task 2: Demonstrate CNT TCC with champion optoelectronic performance. 2.3 Task 3: Characterize CNT Transparent Conductive Coatings During this task, transparent conductive coatings developed under this program will be evaluated. Eikos will fabricate and test a variety of organic and inorganic PV cells, incorporating the CNT in the transparent conductive layer and the electrostatic layer. The inorganic cells of most interest are the thin-film CIGS type, however other thin-film types will also be considered as an outcome from Task 1. Invisicon will be incorporated into organic photovoltaic cells based on bulk heterojunction technology. The initial goals will be to compare a number of Invisicon materials with conventional ITO/PEDOT:PSS as a transparent bottom contact. We will make acomparison of a variety of Invisicon coatings that differ in resistivity and transparency resulting from different nanotube loadings. In addition, we will test various Invisicon coatings that differ in the type of polymer binder that is used and test those that contain no additional binding polymer. Finally, we will insert a number of semiconducting and conducting conjugated polymers to examine the effect that this has on coupling to the active device material. In general, the performance will be evaluated according to suitability for present PV designs and additional types of PV. Comparisons will be made through device performance under AM 1.5 illumination. Finally, samples of CNT coatings will be provided to, and evaluated by, a few of the leading organic PV cell producers to begin understanding their unique materials and processing requirements. Expected Outcome of Task 3: Demonstrate PV cells made using CNT layers; test results indicating current performance, future requirements, and capabilities based on these results. 2.4 Task 4: Investigate Application Methods Various methods for applying Invisicon during PV cell fabrication will be evaluated primarily for their performance, but also for utility as a method of inserting the coating into the PV cell fabrication procedure. The Invisicon coating technology is a versatile system that can be applied by various conventional application methods, such as spray coating, coating, transfer coating, and direct application. However, each application method influences the optoelectronic performance of the coating, and the performance is related to the dispersion quality, stability of the CNT in solution, and drying conditions. Expected Outcome of Task 4: Tabulated assessment of applications methods and their suitability to each application. 2.5 Task 5: Program Management and Implemention This task encompasses pre-award administration and project planning, project management, and development of a plan for commercial implementation. Work involves the time and expenses associated with starting and running the project during the first year; protection of intellectual property developed during the project and necessary to support the technology; and project planning and administration. Finally, in this task Eikos will develop an implementation plan for inserting CNT TCCs into solar cell types that are at or near commercial production. This will involve working with commercial producers of PV cells. Expected Outcome of Task 5: An implementation plan for future development and documentation for project initiation and reporting results. 185 EERE Crosscutting ActivitiesPDF Image | DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program
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