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large amount of energy (e.g., a typical indoor Olympic-size pool consumes as much natural gas as is used for water heating within ~600 homes annually). To help other municipalities replicate the Tucson model, SNL developed a Web site devoted to the IEP solar pool project. SNL also investigated how U.S. military bases might best implement solar IEP projects. They found one called Enhanced Use Leasing (EUL). EUL allows the government to lease its land to a private party that in turn builds a project or system that provides benefits to on-base personnel. EUL has been in existence for many years and is used extensively in the military. However, it has not been applied to energy projects, even though such leasing is specially noted as being allowable. Personnel from the Marine Corps (MC) Base in Barstow have indicated their willingness to move forward with the idea, and it appears thatmegawatt-scale solar projects are possible. Discussions with the Marine Corps/Yuma and Kirtland Air Force Base/Albuquerque were begun at the end of FY 2005. 3.3 Preventing Overheat Failure of Polymer Collectors Polymer solar water heating (SWH) collectors are currently being developed by an industry group led by NREL. The advantage of polymers is their very low cost. However, the cost advantage can only be fully realized if the lifetime approaches that of competing metal collectors. Excessive operating temperatures can rapidly degrade the polymers. Of primary concern is overheating of the absorber during dry stagnation conditions. Dry stagnation is unlikely, but could occur following a collector leak or if the collector was not refilled in the morning after being drained the previous night. SNL has developed a protective gel that should protect the collector from overheat failure. Applied to the underside of the collector glazing or on the absorber, the thermochromatic gel (a mix of polystyrene and polyvinylmethyl ether) “shuts off the sun” by changing from clear to opaque at a glazing temperature of 80oC. (This temperature was selected because heat transfer calculations indicate the absorber will be ~125oC when the glazing is 80oC; if the absorber exceeds 125oC, rapid degradation will occur.) In FY 2005 laboratory testing indicates that the thermochromatic gel is stable within a UV environment and is capable of protecting a polymer collector from overheat failure. However, the cost of gel is currently too expensive Solar Thermal R&D Solar Heating and Lighting (~$100/m2). The reason is because a specialty polymer (polyvinylmethylether or PVME) is needed and there is currently only a small market for it. In order for the thermochromatic gel to be economically viable method of protecting the polymer collector, the cost of the PVME must be similar to a commodity polymer. 3.4 Analysis of Commercial-Scale Solar HVAC Systems Combined solar cooling and heating technology (solar HVAC) is immature; only a few commercial applications exist in the world. The systems are more complex and costly than conventional hot water systems, which makes the economics even more difficult. Nevertheless, manufacturers of solar HVAC are attempting to enter the marketplace in Arizona, and the utility commission has tentatively approved the installation of four demonstration projects. In particular, 60-to-100- ton projects have been proposed for a public school and senior center to be located in the Salt River Project (SRP) service territory. SRP asked SNL to help them perform a study to evaluate the performance and economics of hypothetical solar HVAC systems that could be installed at the school and senior center. The study was performed to help SRP understand the market potential for solar HVAC within its service territory. The study compared the energy and economic performance of HVAC systems powered by commercial-scale flat plate, evacuated tube, and parabolic trough systems. SNL modeled the performance of the solar systems and SRP modeled the absorption-chiller subsystems, as well as the building loads. Significant improvements in collector and absorption chiller technologies have occurred in recent years, so it is appropriate to evaluate the current state of the art. The historical technical barriers for solar HVAC have been low efficiency (i.e., coefficient of performance or COP ~0.7), high maintenance, and poor reliability. Using today’s technology, it appears that maintenance and reliability problems have been generally solved. However, solar COPs (0.7 to 1.25) are significantly below state-of- the-art conventional HVACs (COP >4). Thus, to be economically competitive using today’s solar HVAC technology, the price of conventional electricity and/or natural gas that is offset by solar HVAC must be relatively high. Based on the results of the SRP study, commercial-scalesolarHVAChasalongpayback 140PDF Image | DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program
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