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3.1 Developing a freeze-protected roof-integrated collector project Roofintegrationispopularwithbothbuildersand architects, as shown in various studies and focus groups. Roof integration solves many objections for adopting solar hot water systems that have been raised in the past by builders. The advantages of roof integration include much improved aesthetics, a reduction in the number of roof penetrations, and the ability to replace/repair a roof without removing the solar collectors. In FY 2005, SNL worked with the Building Science Corporation to develop a project to demonstrate a roof-integrated design that is capable of operating in a freezing climate. A test will be conducted in FY 2006 on a Building- America high-efficiency home (by Artistic Homes) in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This system will be flashed into the roof instead of on top of the roof, which has been the tradition for the past 30 years. SNL engineers will monitor the total energy from the system and record the reactions from the builder, homeowner, and potential buyers. A system price goal of $2,000 has been set, given a production scenario of several hundred per year. If this price can be achieved, the system will be cost effective for sunny locations in which natural gas is >$1/therm; the system can be included in the home mortgage and be paid off by the resultant energy savings. Achieving the $2,000 cost goal for a freeze- protected system is challenging. Non-freeze protected systems have recently been installed in Florida for less than this cost, but additional equipment needs to be added to freeze-protect a system. SNL initially proposed a passive method to Building America using a passive thermosiphon technique. The design was almost as simple as a non-freeze system. To make it work, the system needed to be installed in an unvented attic with insulation on the roof plane; this is a high- efficiency construction technique promoted by Building America. However, after much discussion and analysis, it was determined that roof-plane insulation is too expensive when applied in freezing climates. Thus, a more conventional drainback method is now being used for freeze protection. If the demo is successful and predicted costs are reasonable, Artistic Homes could offer solar hot water as an appliance option to homebuyers. Because there is no intellectual property involved, the project with Artistic will be documented and 139 other U.S. homebuilders will be given this information. S.N.L. and Building America will help additional builders integrate solar into their production homes. Current drainback systems cost about $3,000. However, analysis by NREL indicates that several cost-reduction opportunities exist that can drop the cost to less than $2,000. One opportunity is to replace the separate drainback tank, heat exchanger, and pressurized solar storage tank with a single unpressurized combination drainback/storage tank. Our demo will incorporate this feature. NREL estimates that a 25% cost reduction is possible with no change in performance. 3.2 Helping City Officials and DoD Integrate Solar into New Projects Commercial-scale solar heating projects can cost from $100,000 to $1 million or more, depending on the amount of heat required. Large-scale solar projects that look economically attractive on a life- cycle basis remain difficult to sell to commercial and government entities because of the perceived financial and maintenance risk; if the system does not perform or rapidly degrades over time, the buyer may need to pay for unexpected maintenance or may decide to abandon the system. Large purchases can also be difficult because of lack of capital funds. For example, DoD wants solar on more than 500 military bases, but they only have a very small amount of capital that can be used to purchase solar energy equipment. These problems can be eliminated if solar energy users purchase solar energy rather than solar systems. In this arrangement, an Independent Energy Producer (IEP) owns, operates, and maintains the system and sells the energy to the user via long-term contract. The IEP takes all financial/maintenance risk and is also responsible for securing capital. Only a handful of U.S. solar projects have been developed and financed in this way. SNL hopes to greatly expand the number of these types of projects by helping city governments and DoD develop demonstration projects that can be replicated elsewhere. For example, in FY 2005 SNL assisted the City of Tucson in developing and releasing a solicitation for a private company to build, own, and operate solar pool-heating systems for all five city pools in Tucson, plus one new pool to be built next year. Large pool projects are a good first application of the IEP business model because economics are generally favorable and because pools consume a Solar Thermal R&D Solar Heating and LightingPDF Image | DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program
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