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Surface, M.O. System designs for dry cooling towers. Power Engineering 42-50 (1977). Notes: General review of dry cooling tower designs and their applications. The paper provides a good overview of the several types of dry cooling system---direct, indirect more or less conventional design along with some concepts that were being proposed in the late 1070’s--- plastic surfaces, rotating disk surfaces, and the ammonia phase change system. The tradeoffs with the use of high back-pressure turbines are discussed. A cost analysis is provided of the range of options from all-dry systems with and without high-back pressure turbines, wet/dry systems with make-up water requirements ranging from 1% to 40% of wet tower, and a mechanical draft wet cooling tower. No references. Swanekamp, R. Profit from latest experience with air-cooled condensers. POWER 78 (1994). Notes: Excellent review of operating issues with air-cooled condensers at several power plants. Anecdotal descriptions of loss of capacity during hot weather periods, freeze-up problems in winter, recirculation problems during windy conditions and requirements for tube bank cleaning are given. Identifies operating plants in California (Camarillo Plant in Ventura county), Virginia (Doswell plant), Montana (Rosebud plant in Colstrip, MT) and New Jersey (Sayreville co-gen plant) and Hawaii (Maalaea Unit 15). No references. Thiel, F. and D. Clute. A landmark for private power in Mexico. 27-29 (1998). Notes: Description of a 700 MWe combined cycle plant (Samalayuca II) in Mexico. This is the first large-scale private power project in the country. This reference is included only because it is mentioned that an air-cooled condenser was chosen for water conservation reasons. No information about the cooling system is provided. No references. Trage, B., A. J. Ham, and Th. C. Vicary. The Natural Draught, Indirect Dry Cooling System for the 6 x 686 MWe Kendal Power Station, RSA. Jt. ASME/IEEE Power Generation Conference. 90-JPGC/Pwr-25. 90. Notes: Detailed description of the unit is provided. It is noted that the choice of an indirect system, while not expected to be economically preferred, was made in order to provide large- scale comparative performance and operating data to the 6 x 665 MWe plant that had just been constructed with a direct dry cooling system at Matimba. Information on the net output of the unit during the year at different ambient temperatures is given. Some attention is given to the effect of wind on tower performance with comparisons to towers at other sites including a tower in Armenia (Razdan Power Station) and in Germany (Schmehausen). No economic information is provided. No references. Tsatsaronis, G. and A. Valero. Thermodynamics meets economics. Mechanical Engineering 84- 86 (1989). Notes: An exergy analysis of power conversion systems to identify sources of thermodynamic inefficiencies. Simple optimization methods are given. No specific mention is made of power plant cooling systems although the methodology is applicable. No quantitative cost information or any worked examples are provided. No references. Tsou, John J. Jenco and K. Zammit eds. Proceedings: Cooling Tower Technology Conference. EPRI TR-108483. 97. Notes: Contains 22 papers on several aspects of cooling tower technology: performance Annotated Bibliography of Cooling System Literature A-19PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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