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is on wet cooling towers and spray systems. Eight papers deal with dry or wet-dry systems. Summaries of the more relevant papers are given in the individual citations (Leitz; Tesche; Tesche et al.; Cinski; van der Spek; Kroger; Nemeth; Ludvig; Bouton and Monjoie; Nagel; Schrey) (37 papers) Iovino, G et al. Optimal Sizing of Natural Draft, Dry Cooling Towers for ENEL Combined Cycle Power Plants. Notes: An optimization method for natural draft dry cooling towers of combined cycle power plants (See also Ecker and Wiebking, 1978 and Conradie, Buys and Kröger, 1998). The case study is for an indirect, dry system and the objective function to be minimized is the cost of energy. Sensitivity studies on the effect of differing meteorological conditions and cost assumptions are given. A good treatment of the effect of turbine heat rate characteristics and tower approach is given. 2 references. Junge, Erik. Innovations in Cooling Tower Design. 2000. Notes: Marketing article to promote a proposed design and new tower configuration developed by TowerTech. The article highlights three problems with wet towers: high maintenance problems with fans; failure of water distribution system and the buildup of sludges (sometimes hazardous) in the tower basin. The proposed design includes a rotary spray nozzle to obtain better coverage of the fill and the replacement of the basin with perimeter troughs, and the placement of the fans at the bottom of the tower for easier access and a drier environment. The description is extremely brief and, in all likelihood, is not a feasible approach. No references. Kast, G. A. and S. D. Adams. Kakkonda geothermal plant uses hybrid cooling. Modern Power Systems . 95. Notes: Description of a wet/dry tower designed for plume abatement purposes at a 30MWe geothermal plant in Kakkonda, Japan. Heat rejection is 100% to the wet tower in the summer and 20%/80% dry wet in winter months. 14 ft. high fan stacks were used to promote plume mixing and plume rise for environmental reasons. Apparently a barometric, direct contact condenser was used, since it is claimed that the circulating water is “partially geothermal condensate.” No cost information is provided. No references. Kintner-Meyer, Michael and A. F. Emery. Cost-Optimal Analysis of Cooling Towers. ASHRAE Annual Meeting. pp. 92 -- 101. 94. ASHRAE. Notes: Optimization procedure for cooling tower design is presented. The objective function to be optimized is the combined capital and operating cost. The application is for refrigeration systems so the operating penalties, which include the effect on chiller coefficient of performance are qualitatively different from power generation applications. The paper gives a good example of optimization methods for cooling tower costs against range and approach but no insight into source of cost information or into the effect of actual tower or fill design variables. Reference has limited value for the wet vs. dry cost comparisons of this report. 12 references. Kooy, R. J., R. J. Laverman, and J. L. Seale. Performance of a Capacative Cooling System for Dry Cooling. 86. Palo Alto, CA, Electric Power Research Institute. Annotated Bibliography of Cooling System Literature A-11PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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