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Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs

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Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs ( comparison-alternate-cooling-technologies-california-power-p )

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Appendix A ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COOLING SYSTEM LITERATURE Adams, A.P. and B. G. Lewis. Bacterial Aerosols Generated by Cooling Towers of Electrical Generating Plants. Cooling Tower Institute (1978). Notes: One of the earliest studies of the possibility of infectious air-borne discharge from cooling towers using contaminated make-up water. A listing of pathogenic and opportunistic microbes existing in sewage is given along with some test results of aerosolized bacteria (particles per cubic meter) as a function of the number of bacteria in the circulating water. No firm conclusions were drawn other than to suggest the use of good disinfection methods in cooling tower water treatment with particular attention to chlorine dioxide. 16 references. Adams, S. and J. Stevens. Strategies for Improved Cooling Tower Economy. Cooling Tower Institute (1991). Notes: Provides an analysis, for mechanical draft wet cooling towers of (1) how the choice of design point (maximum wet-bulb temperature at which cold water temperature can be delivered) and (2) effect of variable fan operation on annual tower energy consumption. The point is demonstrated with simple, largely qualitative examples with no recommendations about how to trade off lost capacity on hot days against capital cost savings from smaller towers. No references are given. Allemann, R. T. et al. Wet-Dry Cooling Demonstration: Test Results. 86. Palo Alto, CA, Electric Power Research Institute. Notes: Summary report on over 10 years work (EPRI and USDOE) on an Advanced Dry Cooling System using a phase-change ammonia transport loop between the plant condenser and an air-cooled tower with both supplementary deluge cooling and a capacative system for shaving heat rejection peaks during daily hot periods. Extensive performance data is provided as well as comparison with (calculated) conventional dry cooling system performance. No cost data are provided. Extensive references. Allemann, R. T. Advanced Concepts Test (ACT) Facility Summary Safety Report. 81. Palo Alto, CA, Electric Power Research Institute. Notes: Safety analysis and operational safety report for the EPRI/USDOE Advanced Concept Test facility. The emphasis was on the risks associated with the use and handling of ammonia as the heat transport fluid between the surface condenser and the air-cooled condenser. The analysis concluded that all applicable safety codes and standards for the operation of the system were met and that it should be reliable for a power generation application. Allemann, R. T. Development of an Advanced Concept of Dry/Wet Cooling of Power Generating Plants. 81. Palo Alto, CA, Electric Power Research Institute. A-1

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