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Comparative Cost Analyses Table 5-11 Lost Energy from Heat Rate Penalty Case 1 2 3 4 5 Lost Output, MWh 4,718 10,636 12,576 19,400 35,718 Additional penalties are incurred when the ambient temperature rises enough for the back pressure to approach the turbine operating limit, assumed here to be 8 in, Hga. At temperatures between this level (T8”) and the maximum ambient temperature, the steam flow must be reduced to maintain the back pressure below this limit to avoid turbine trip. The average reduction is steam flow is calculated at the average temperature during that period, estimated as Tav. = (T8” + Tmax)/2. Operation at the higher ambient temperature (Tav) while maintaining the 8” limit would require an ITD greater than the available ITD by {(ITD8” – ITDav)/ITDav}x 100% or an equivalent % reduction in steam flow. Tables 5-12 and 5-13 present the reductions and lost output associated with the capacity limit conditions. Note that only Cases 4 and 5 encounter the 8” limit at the maximum expected site temperature of 117oF. Table 5-12 Lost Output from Capacity Reduction Penalty—Steam Side Only 4 117 112.5 152 114.8 5.7 20.2 81 1,632 5 117 99 152 108 17 38.1 916 34,884 Case Tmax T8” Hga Tcond @8“ Hga Tav Required Reduction in ITD, % Average Reduction in Output, MW Duration, hours Lost Output, MWh 5-34PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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