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The design ambient temperature is normally selected to be some value well below the maximum temperature expected at the site during the hottest periods of the year. Therefore, during periods in which the ambient temperature exceeds the design temperature, the back pressure will be higher than design resulting in a higher plant heat rate. For a steam cycle with a fixed heat input, this translates to a lower power output. Alternatively, if the heat input can be increased, as with supplementary duct firing, the plant output may be maintained, but the fuel costs will increase. Additionally, as discussed earlier, steam turbines are designed with upper allowable limits on the back pressure. If the ambient temperature reaches a high enough level, this back-pressure limit may be approached. The steam flow must then be reduced to avoid the risk of damage to the turbine. This can result in a significant reduction in the power output from the steam cycle. In the case of some combined-cycle units, the only method of reducing steam flow may be to reduce the exhaust gas flow from the gas turbines to the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), which will limit the output from the combustion turbine side of the plant as well—with even greater loss of energy output. The following section presents a methodology for determining these energy and capacity penalties. The discussion uses the performance of five different ACCs, covering a wide range of size and cooling capacity, to illustrate the method, the significance of the result on the selection of the dry cooling system, and the contribution of these penalties to the total cost of a dry cooling system. The systems are compared for the Desert site described in Section 4. Penalty Evaluation Methodology The five design cases to be analyzed for the Desert site are characterized in Table 5-9, which summarizes their design points and size (expressed as design ITD). Table 5-9 Cases for Penalty Evaluation Analysis 1 2.9 2 2.5 3 2.5 4 2.5 5 3.5 92.4 21.4 75.0 33.7 72.0 36.7 65.0 43.7 65.0 55.3 48,545,495 35,724,938 30,376,813 25,517,813 20,414,250 34,636,875 17,300,675 14,318,750 12,357,625 9,886,100 83,182,370 53,025,613 44,695,563 37,875,438 30,300,350 Comparative Cost Analyses Case Design Back Pressure, in. Hga Design Tambient , oF Design ITD, oF Capital Cost Evaluated Power Cost Total Eval. Cost The annual temperature profile for the Desert site is given in Figure 5-23, expressed as the hours for which a given ambient temperature is exceeded. 5-31PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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