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average The declination angle following [14]; may be calculated by the [ ( )]b (1) where ̇ is the working fluid flow rate, are the enthalpies of the fluid at points 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively on the T-S diagram given in fig. 2. The heat rejected from the ORC cycle by the where question. is the hour angle in degrees for the time in (ENRIC2014) The thermodynamics of the ORC is seen in fig. 2. In the ORC heat is transferred from the oil loop to the working fluid causing it to boil to saturated (or superheated) vapor at state 1. The high-pressure refrigerant vapor is expanded in the turbine to the condenser pressure P2 = P3 to generate mechanical power. The turbine is coupled to an AC generator (part of the packaged unit) to provide the required (gross) electrical output. The refrigerant vapor leaving the turbine (state point 2) is de-superheated, condensed and then cooled to state point 3 by a water-cooled condenser. In any case where heat could be required for other applications the heat from the turbine could be used to preheat process water or preheat the working fluid entering the ORC boiler. The refrigerant loop is closed by a pump, which elevates the refrigerant pressure from state point 3 to state point 4 (P4 = P1) and the cycle starts again. The ORC process is a closed loop cycle. The organic working fluid is an environmentally friendly, non- flammable refrigerant called R-134a chosen due to its less flammable properties when compared to other ORC working fluid and its ready availability. Mathematical modelling Estimation of total hourly radiation from daily ()( ) (5) Where is the heat loss from the storage, ( ) is the heat transfer coefficient multiplied by the surface area of the storage, and are the storage temperature and ambient temperature respectively. ORC Modelling Using the first law of thermodynamics, a mathematical model is developed for the ORC unit to estimate the amount of power generation achievable from the LFR setup. The heat transferred from the storage tank to the working fluid (R134a) in the ORC boiler ̇ is calculated by the increment of R134a enthalpy: ̇ ̇( ) (6) The work generated by the turbine ̇ and that consumed by the pump ̇ are approximately calculated by the following: where n is the number of days. The sunrise hour angle is then obtained as follows [14] ( ) (2) where is the latitude of the location. The ratio of beam solar radiation which must be multiplied to obtain the hourly value is given by [14]; (3) turbine ̇( ) (9) is calculated by LFR Modelling In designing the LFR system, the size of the receiver diameter is fixed and the following assumptions have been made:The LFRC has a tracking system to follow the sun from East to West. Mirrors are specularly reflecting. Radiation is normally incident to the arrangement. The useful energy output from the LFR system is given by the equation [12]. [ ( )](4) where consumption of the pump is generally negligible compared with the energy input in the refrigerant cycle [11]. The overall ORC efficiency is defined by the ratio of the net power output to the total heat supplied. where is the flow factor along the receiver, the aperture area of the collector, S is the optical performance of the collector, is the heat loss coefficient of the receiver, are the inlet temperature and the ambient temperature respectively of the receiver and is the concentration ratio of the collector. Assuming that the pipes carrying the heat transfer fluid are properly insulated and the losses are negligible. The storage losses are accounted for by the equation [12]. Simplifying assumptions made in the modelling and simulation of the ORC power plant are (1) the fluid flow is at steady-state, ( 2) kinetic and potential energy are negligible and (3) heat losses other than those in condenser are negligible. 3. Results and Discussions The performance of the system is analyzed with the amount of beam solar radiation and the results are presented. The hourly beam radiation of each day is estimated using eq. (3) from available daily average data obtained from the NASA surface meteorological and solar energy website for the period of January to December 2004. The results of The 1st Environment and Natural Resources International Conference 6 – 7 November, 2014 , The Sukosol hotel, Bangkok, Thailand is 38 condenser is given by ̇ ̇ ̇( ) (7) ̇( ) (8) ̇ The net ̇ output based on the shaft power of the ̇ The net output based on electricity by ̇̇̇ ̇ ̇̇̇ (10) is calculated (11) is the generator efficiency. The power ̇̇ (12)PDF Image | Comparative Performance of a Solar Concentrating Linear Fresnel Reflector for Electricity Generation in Nigeria and in Thailand
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