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The 4th International Symposium – Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles September 9-10, 2014, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania During the discharge process the stored energy plus additional energy from the waste heat stream is recovered because the flow in the WHR plant is directed, through valves, to use the stored ice as the heat sink during the discharge cycle. During the discharge process an additional turbine stage and compressor stage are added to the turbo machinery to accommodate the required larger pressure ratio. In the discharge cycle the CO2 is cooled to +5 C by melting the ice. This results in a lowering of the CO2 cold side pressure thereby condensing the CO2. For this reason, the CO2 discharge cycle operates as a transcritical Rankine cycle. Because of the corresponding lower turbine discharge pressure and the lower heat rejection temperature the power is increased by up to 66% when compared to the off-peak Brayton power product process. In addition, the cycle net efficiency increases (34.5% versus 31.7%). Plus the plant makes more effective use of the waste heat (68.0% versus 44.7%). The dispatchable round trip efficiency is the ratio of the energy produced in the discharge cycle to the energy purchased to make the ice (bulk energy storage). Early calculations indicate that for a waste heat flow stream, representative of a gas turbine (538 C), the dispatchable round trip efficiency is in the range from 148% - 183% depending on whether an expansion valve is used or if energy is recovered in a turbo-expander within the refrigeration cycle. The efficiency exceeds 100 percent because electricity is recovered from both the waste heat flow stream and from the stored energy. However, the excess dispatchable round trip efficiency is less than one. The excess efficiency is defined as the incremental electricity generated above that of the WHR plant without using stored energy. The excess dispatchable efficiency varies from 59% - 73% depending on how the SCO2 refrigeration plant is configured. SCO2 POWER PRODUCTION AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES POWER PRODUCTION CYCLE DESCRIPTION The process flow diagram for the power production cycles is illustrated in Figure 1. This cycle has three unique attributes to it that make it well suited for this waste heat recovery process. The three attributes are split-flow with preheating, compressor inter-recuperation, and switching from a non-condensing Brayton cycle to a condensing Rankine cycle. Each is described briefly below. 1. Split flow with preheating: The cycle splits a fraction of the flow from the compressor and sends the high pressure CO2 to a preheater. The split flow with preheating improves the performance for waste heat recovery and combustion based heat sources because it increases the utilization of waste heat or combustion heat by transferring more thermal power into the CO2 thereby using more of the available heat. This is a process that was originally developed for Organic Rankine Cycles (1,2,3). It also makes it easier to avoid pinching within the recuperator because of the reduced flow in the high pressure (high heat capacity) leg of the recuperator. (Note, for the model presented here the exit of the preheater is arranged to have the same temperature and pressure as the high pressure leg exit from the recuperator. However, this is not a requirement for all applications.) 2. Compressor inter-recuperation: The cycle uses a patented compressor inter-recuperation technique(4) to increase the cycle efficiency by recuperating the remaining thermal energy from the low pressure leg of the recuperator. To achieve an efficiency benefit, it is necessary toPDF Image | Bulk Energy Storage using a Supercritical CO2 Waste Heat Recovery Power Plant
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