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TABLE 1. Summary of key raw material properties’ influence on important biorefinery processes. Feedstock composition Physical properties Other The cellulose fibers are typically the desired component of the feedstock, but also lignin, hemicelluloses, and extractives may be utilized for co-products. Extractives such as resin may cause problems, especially in sulfite pulping. These problems can be reduced by adjusting the process conditions. Bark and impurities are detrimental for pulp quality and need to be removed. Typically, stemwood chips are used. Knots and branchwood are generally undesirable. For the efficient impregnation of chemicals, chips should not be too dry, and the moisture content should be known for process control. Fiber properties, such as length, thickness, etc., may be very important, depending on the application. For textile cellulose applications, fiber properties are less important. The particle size should be homogenous to control process conditions. Moisture variations are tolerable, but process optimization is easier with stable moisture content. While some heterogeneity in, for example, fiber properties may be beneficial, uniformity over time is important to maintain a constant product quality. Removal of bark and impurities is essential. The content and composition of sugars is important. For fermentation to ethanol, glucose is preferred, followed by other hexoses. Pentoses are more difficult to ferment. There are three main groups of fermentation inhibitors: Furans (sugar degradation product); acids, especially acetic acid (mainly from hemicelluloses); and phenols (probably from lignin). Lignin is in general undesirable as it lowers sugar yields and has a negative effect on enzymatic hydrolysis. Extractives may also cause some problems in the process. Hydrolysis is relatively insensitive to impurities. Sand and rocks cause wear on equipment. Moisture is not a big problem in ethanol production. However, the feedstock should not be too dry. Small particle size is in general desirable, but various sizes, such as chips and sawdust can be used. Fine materials may cause problems in filtering operations. The particle size should be homogenous to control process conditions. Moisture variations are tolerable, but process optimization is easier with stable moisture content. Bark may cause problems according to some sources. Some sources say that bark and logging residues can be handled. 133 Hydrolysis Chemical pulpingPDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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