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- - + + Value in the process (quality) FIGURE 1. Feedstock price versus value of the feedstock in an industry process. The industry can be expected to seek to acquire feedstock with high value for their process at a low price. There is likely to be a trade-off between low price and high value. The main products of the conventional forest-based industry fall into three categories: solid wood products (sawn wood, wood-based panels), fiber products (paper, paperboard, tissue), and bioenergy (fuels for heat and power applications). The industry is dominated by sawmills and pulp and paper mills, whereas wood-based panels and bioenergy are generally produced from processing and forestry residues. The raw material quality requirements for these conventional industries have been described by, for example, Lundqvist and Gardiner (2007). However, the concept of biorefining has not been well defined, but the term is typically used to describe a set of practices different from the traditional one used in the forest industry. The proposed descriptions of biorefining typically focus on the fractionation of the raw material into different components, the diversification of the mix of products that are produced, the integration of energy and material flows connecting several processes, the upgrading of side streams and the optimization of the value produced from the raw material. For this paper, we have selected processes that could be central to future biorefineries. The processes have been grouped into chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical processes. We have also included upgrading of solid fuels by pelletizing. 129 PricePDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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