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D-35 SL-5641 Final $20/kWht) using a thermocline system as opposed to a two-tank system (Sandia National Laboratories 2001; Kearney 2001a; Nextant Inc. 2001). The year 2007 projection for a direct two-tank storage will use HitecXL (ternary) HTF in both the solar field and the thermal storage system, eliminating the need for the heat exchangers between the solar field and storage system. In addition, the solar field can be operated to higher outlet temperatures (450°C), increasing the power cycle efficiency and further reducing the cost of thermal storage. The primary disadvantages are the high freezing temperature of the salt (120°C), higher heat losses from the solar field, concerns about the durability of the selective coating on the trough receivers, and the need for more expensive piping and materials to withstand the increased operating temperatures. Subsequent projections after the year 2007 use a direct thermocline system with HitecXL (ternary) solar salt as the storage media and HTF. The solar field can be operated to higher outlet temperatures (500°C), increasing the power cycle efficiency. The thermocline uses a single tank that is slightly larger than one of the tanks in the two- tank system. A low-cost filler material, which is used to pack the single storage tank, acts as the primary thermal storage medium. The filler displaces the majority of the salt in the two-tank system. With the hot and cold fluid in a single tank, the thermocline storage system relies on thermal buoyancy to maintain thermal stratification. To date, a preliminary assessment was made on the potential impact that a thermocline storage system might have on the annual performance of the plant, and a more detailed analysis is in progress this year. However, this system will have similar concerns as the binary solar salt direct storage system. In addition to the development of a thermocline system, an advanced HCE will be required to obtain the 500°C HTF operating temperature. The use of HitecXL solar salt is a major factor in lowering costs for future trough plants in the SunLab projections. The benefits and risks of the use of HitecXL are summarized below. • Benefits: Higher temperature – increases the power cycle efficiency Single fluid in solar field and storage eliminates expensive heat exchanger required of earlier storage technology Larger temperature difference across the solar field reduces the size of storage. Molten-salt has better density and thermal capacity product reducing the amount of storage, shrinking flow rates and piping sizes, and heat losses.PDF Image | Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts
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