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D-34 SL-5641 Final Table D-26 —Type of Thermal Storage Impact on Cost Plant Capital Cost Type of Thermal Storage System – 12 Hours Two-Tank Indirect, VP-1 HTF, Solar Salt Storage Thermocline Indirect, VP-1 HTF, Solar Salt Storage Two-Tank Direct, Solar Salt (450°C) Direct Thermocline, Solar Salt (450°C) Direct Thermocline, HitecXL (500°C) ($/kWe) 4,859 4,668 4,427 4,115 4,027 As exemplified in Tables D-25 and D-26, the amount of storage and the type of storage have significant impacts on the total cost of the plant and are key considerations for cost reductions. D.8.2 Technology Improvements Thermal storage allows solar electricity to be dispatched to the times when it is needed most and allows solar plants to achieve higher annual capacity factors. Although the first commercial 14-MWe trough plant included thermal storage, a simple two-tank storage system that used the plant HTF for a storage media, later plants operated at higher temperatures that precluded the same method due to the higher vapor pressure and high cost of the HTF. No thermal storage technology has been commercially demonstrated for the higher solar field operating temperatures (approximately 400°C) required for more efficient steam cycles in the later SEGS plants. Various studies point to an indirect thermal storage system for near-term application where the heat from the collector field is transferred from the synthetic oil (VP-1) HTF to another thermal storage media, such as molten salt, which can be stored at atmospheric pressure (Kearney 2001a, 2001b; Sandia National Laboratories 2001; Nextant Inc. 2001). For the two-tank indirect system, heat from the collector field is transferred from the synthetic oil HTF to another thermal storage media, such as molten salt, which can be stored at atmospheric pressure. However, the molten salt storage temperature is limited by the synthetic oil HTF operating temperature of 390°C. The technological risk using the two-tank molten-salt storage system is low based on the successful utilization at the Solar Two plant but the cost of this system is high ($958/kWe for 2004 SunLab case). The thermocline system will also reduce the storage system costs with synthetic oil HTF and binary molten salt storage fluid by the elimination of one storage tank and the reduction in the fluid volume requirement compared to the indirect two-tank system. Estimates show a 35% reduction in the storage system cost ($31/kWht toPDF Image | Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts
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