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C-1 SL-5641 Final Economic choice between electricity generating alternatives is often done on the basis of levelized cost, which is the level revenue requirement that would cover all operating expenses and capital-related costs for the generating facility. Capital-related costs include return on invested debt, return on invested equity, federal and state income taxes associated with the return on equity, book depreciation (for recovery of debt and equity capital), and property taxes and insurance. Operating costs include fuel and non-fuel operation and maintenance costs. A levelized unit cost is a delivered product unit cost that, if charged for each year’s production over the analysis period, would yield the same net present value of revenues as if the actual annual cost for each alternative were collected instead over the period. It is C in the following equation: n CE n cE ∑i=∑ii i where C is a constant $/kWh cost to be charged each ith year over the analysis period (n=30 years, for example), Ei is the kWh sold in each such year, and ci is the actual annual $/kWh cost for each year, comprised of a current expense for fuel, labor, etc. plus a component for recovery of the investment cost, which may be a level series or may vary through time in some fashion. The constant C can be brought outside the summation on the left side. Then the expression on the right can be divided by the remaining summation on the left, leaving just C on the left side. Since the product inside the summation on top on the right, ci Ei , is dollars for each year, and the 1/(1+r)i is a discount factor, the top of the right side looks like the present value of revenue requirements. The bottom is denominated in kWh and looks like the present value of energy. This is why one often hears that levelized cost is computed as the present value of costs divided by the present value of energy. The levelized costs of energy (LCOE) in this study are computed as described above. In our calculations we have assumed that costs which vary over the evaluation period are covered by revenues of equal magnitude (i.e., operating costs are treated as a pass-through). Property taxes and insurance also are handled as pass-throughs. C. LEVELIZED COST FOR RANKING ALTERNATIVES AND EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS i=1 (1+r) i=1 (1+r)iPDF Image | Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts
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