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5-53 SL-5641 Final mainly attributable to improved collector properties, parasitic load, receiver, and reheat turbine. The demonstrated improvements and design enhancements are as follows: • Solar Two demonstration used 40-m2 and 95-m2 heliostats. The near-term plant uses 95-m2 heliostats. The risk of achieving this technology is low since the technology has been demonstrated. There have been 865 95-m2 ARCO/ATS heliostats built and successfully operated. • The collector (heliostat) efficiency is 5.7% higher than that demonstrated during Solar Two. The risk of achieving the improvements is low for the following reasons: There is no significant change in the technology. Mirror reflectivity efficiency is projected to increase 2.8% as a result of using new mirrors. The mirrors used at Solar Two were not maintained after the shutdown of Solar One. Field efficiency is projected to increase 2.6% as a result of improvements in aiming technology. This should be achieved since there have been significant improvements in controls systems throughout many industries since Solar Two that can be applied to control aiming. Mirror corrosion avoidance efficiency is projected to increase 3% as a result of new mirrors. The mirrors used for Solar Two had not been maintained. Experience at Kramer Junction shows that the mirror surfaces do not corrode as long as they are properly maintained. Field availability is projected to increase 0.5%, which is reasonable based on design improvements from lessons learned during Solar Two and improved reliability of new equipment. • Improved steam turbine cycle efficiency projection of 6.5% is as a result of increasing steam temperature from 510°C to 540°C and using single reheat turbine technology. There is no steam turbine technological risk since there are numerous single reheat steam turbines operating with the same steam inlet conditions. • Improved parasitic power efficiency projection of 13.4% is a result of increasing the plant size. As the size of a plant increases, the parasitic power efficiency decreases exponentially. The risk of achieving parasitic power efficiency improvements is low to medium. • The receiver efficiency is projected to increase 2.3 percentage points from 76%, as demonstrated at Solar 2, to 78.3%. The increase is based on the following design changes: receiver fluid side heat transfer enhancements, improved thermal storage tank design, increased peak solar flux based on operational data from Solar 2, and elimination of vent and drain valves. The risk of achieving these efficiency increases is low based on the demonstration at Solar 2, on the design changes, and because Boeing, who is the supplier of the Solar Tres receiver, must meet guaranteed design conditions. • Improved thermal storage efficiency is projected to be 1.3%. The risk of achieving this is low since Solar Two demonstrated (a) molten salt as a viable, large-scale thermal energy storage medium and (b) the design, construction, and performance of large, field-erected externally insulated tanks for storing molten salt. The increase in efficiency can be achieved as a resultPDF Image | Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts
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