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5-8 SL-5641 Final 5.2.3 Annual Gross Cycle Efficiency The annual gross cycle efficiency includes the design point gross cycle efficiency, startup losses, and part-load operation. Losses due to minimum turbine load requirements do not apply because all of the plants have thermal storage. The gross cycle efficiency is the thermal input to the turbine divided by the gross (nameplate) output. Electrical parasitic loads are considered next. The high-storage, high-capacity factor plants have minimal startup losses and are normally not run at part load, so these losses are minimal. 5.2.4 Annual Parasitic Efficiency The main parasitic electric loads are the motors for the salt pumps, condensate/feedwater pumps, cooling water pumps, cooling tower fans, and boiler. Additional parasitic loads are a result of instrumentation, controls, computers, valve actuators, air compressors, and lighting. The solar field also adds parasitic loads for the collector drives and communications. Electric parasitic loads decrease with larger plant size and are based on detailed analysis at Solar One and Solar Two (Reilly and Kolb 2001) 5.2.5 Annual Thermal Storage Efficiency The annual thermal storage efficiency accounts for thermal losses from the thermal storage system. Storage thermal losses are a function of the surface area of the storage tanks and the temperature of the fluid above ambient. Large high-temperature thermal storage systems have been demonstrated at SEGS I and Solar Two. In these systems, thermal losses have been shown to be small; thus, the storage thermal efficiency is very close to 100%. As the size of the tanks increases, their surface area increases more slowly than their volume, so that thermal losses are reduced and efficiency increases. 5.2.6 Annual Piping Efficiency The piping efficiency includes losses from the salt piping in the tower and at ground level. 5.2.7 Annual Plant Availability Annual plant availability accounts for scheduled plant outages for regular maintenance and unscheduled plant outages due to equipment failures. 5.3 EVALUATION OF MAJOR COST COMPONENTS The solar field, electric power block, and receiver encompass approximately 74% of the total direct costs as shown in Figure 5-2. The major cost component is the heliostat field, which encompasses 43% of total costs forPDF Image | Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts
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