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5.2 5-4 SL-5641 Final Elevating the steam generator heat exchangers allows full gravity draining, which provides less equipment and simplifies operation of the system. Improved operating procedures have been developed to provide more reliable operation. • Electric Power Block Larger plants can utilize the more efficient Rankine cycles that are currently available technology. Even higher cycle efficiencies are possible via parallel paths: (1) the availability of more efficient Rankine cycles in the appropriate size range and (2) the introduction of supercritical steam turbines operating at higher temperatures can increase Rankine cycle efficiencies. TOWER EFFICIENCY Many of the advances just described can reduce capital costs and/or improve plant efficiency, which indirectly decreases capital costs. For example, given a fixed plant size and capacity factor, the net annual solar-electric efficiency sets the required collector area (Appendix E.3). As the efficiency increases, the collector area and cost decrease in proportion. Table 5-2 lists the subsystem annual efficiencies of selected tower plants from the development plan and summarizes the S&L analysis of these projections. Table 5-2 — Tower Annual Efficiency Summary SunLab Near Mid- Long Term Term Term 2004 2008 2020 Solar Solar Solar Tres 100 220 Sargent & Lundy Baseline 1996 Solar Two Near Mid- Term Term 2004 2008 Solar Solar Tres 100 Long Term 2020 Solar 220 Discussion Detailed Discussion Collector Efficiency 50.3% 58% at Solar One 56.0% 56.3% 57.0% 56.0% 56.0% 56.0% The collector efficiency should decrease at larger plants because the average distance between heliostat field and tower increases, as does the atmospheric attenuation of light. The SunLab projected improvements in reflectivity and cleanliness more then compensate for this effect, but S&L projects that the mirror cleanliness will not exceed 95% based on discussions with operators at Kramer Junction. Section E.3.6 Receiver Efficiency 76.0% 78.3% 83.1% 82.0% 78.3% 83.1% 82.0% Efficiency increases in with solar flux level the mid-term plant due to reduced thermal losses. Flux increases cannot compensate for increased losses due to higher temperature operation in the long- term plant. Section E.7.2PDF Image | Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts
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