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Thermal storage efficiency accounts for thermal losses from the thermal storage system. Storage thermal losses are a function of the surface area of the storage tanks and the temperature of the fluid above ambient. Large high temperature thermal storage systems have been demonstrated at the SEGS I trough plant and Solar Two power tower. In these systems, thermal losses have been shown to be minimal; thus the storage thermal efficiency approaches 100%. Nexant has developed a thermal storage design model, which was used to determine the heat losses. This model is based on the Solar Two thermal storage design and operational experience. 4.2.5 • • Storage thermal losses for the near-term trough plants are slightly larger for trough plants than for tower plants. Due to the smaller temperature difference between the hot and cold storage tanks in the trough plant, the thermal storage system must be larger to hold the same amount of thermal energy. Thus, there is more surface area for the trough plant. However, the hot tank temperature at the trough plant will be lower than the tower plants and the thermal losses per unit area of tank will be lower. Overall, storage losses are slightly larger at the trough plant; however, the storage thermal efficiency is still greater than 99%. Mid-term and long-term thermal storage systems operate at higher temperatures; however, the temperature difference between hot and cold is greater. As a result, a smaller volume is required to store energy. Also, single tank thermocline storage systems are anticipated. These further reduce the required tank volume by replacing a large fraction of the storage fluid with low cost filler, sand and gravel, that typically has a higher volumetric heat capacity than the fluid it is replacing. Therefore, even though future thermal storage systems operate at higher fluid temperatures, the surface area of the thermal storage system is reduced compared to the near- term storage case and results in improved storage thermal efficiency. Turbine Cycle Annual Efficiency The turbine cycle annual efficiency accounts for the design point turbine cycle efficiency, start-up losses, part- load operation, and losses due to minimum turbine load requirements (especially important for plants without thermal storage). • The near-term case has the same turbine cycle design point efficiency as SEGS VI (37.7%); however, because of thermal storage, the annual turbine cycle efficiency is better than the case without thermal storage. The near-term plant with thermal storage has a higher capacity factor than SEGS VI (47% versus 34%). Thus, the number of turbine start-ups per MWh generated is lower. Thermal storage allows the plant to operate more hours at full load close to peak efficiency and reduces the number of hours the plant is operating at part load efficiencies. Thermal storage also allows thermal energy to be collected even when it is not sufficient to operate the power plant. • The power cycle efficiency of the mid-term and long-term cases increases to 39% and 40% as solar field operating temperatures are increased to 450°C and 500°C, respectively. 4-8 SL-5641 Final 4.2.4 Storage Thermal EfficiencyPDF Image | Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts
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