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Receiver thermal losses are primarily driven by the thermal emittance of the receiver’s selective coating (radiation losses) and by the vacuum in the receiver (convection losses). As long as vacuum is maintained, convection losses are negligible. Radiation losses, on the other hand, are a function of the receiver’s absolute surface temperature to the fourth power. The thermal emittance measures the ability of the surface to radiate energy away from the receiver. The lower the thermal emittance, the lower the radiation losses from the surface. 4.2.3 • • Receiver Thermal Emittance. SEGS VI had a combination of black chrome and the original generation of Luz Cermet receiver tubes. The average thermal emittance of these tubes is approximately greater than 20% at 350°C. The UVAC receiver first installed at SEGS VI had a thermal emittance of 14% at 400°C. According to tests performed for Solel, the second- generation UVAC receiver had a thermal emittance of about 9% at 400°C. SunLab currently has a research and development effort exploring high temperature coating designs with low thermal emittance and high solar absorptance. Receiver Reliability. As long as vacuum is maintained, convective thermal losses are minimal from the receiver. When receivers lose vacuum, the thermal losses from the receiver are approximately doubled. Breakage of the glass envelope results in significantly higher thermal losses. Loss of vacuum and breakage of the receiver glass envelope have been significant issues at the existing SEGS plants. Piping Thermal Losses Piping thermal losses corresponds to thermal losses from the solar field header piping and heat transfer fluid (HTF) system piping. Piping heat losses are a function of the piping surface area and the temperature of the fluid in the pipe above ambient temperature. Nexant has developed a parabolic trough solar field piping model for sizing the layout of piping headers. This model has been used to determine the heat losses for the various cases. The piping model has been baselined against the thermal performance of the SEGS VI solar field. • The near-term case operates at temperatures similar to SEGS VI (391°C), thus the heat losses are considered to be similar. • Piping losses in future cases are similar due to a combination of offsetting factors. The mid-term case is based on operating at a higher temperature of 450°C and maintaining the field at a minimum of 150°C during non-operational periods to prevent the molten-salt HTF from freezing. This higher temperature results in increased thermal losses per unit area of piping. However, the new salt fluid has a higher density that requires lower flow rates and smaller heater piping. These result in the thermal losses from the solar field being reduced. The long- term case is based on operating at higher temperatures (500°C) and lower flow rates. 4-7 SL-5641 Final 4.2.2 Receiver Thermal LossesPDF Image | Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts
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