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2-7 SL-5641 Final 2.4.1 Advanced Tower Technology One idea under consideration for future power tower technology is an advanced receiver that is capable of efficiently heating air to gas-turbine temperatures (>1,400°C/2,552°F) and pressures (>1,500 kPa) in conjunction with a high-temperature phase-change thermal storage system. If this can be achieved, large solar- only plants with a combined-cycle power block efficiency of 60% or more might be achieved. In addition, as receiver temperatures exceed 800°C (1,832°F), thermo-chemical approaches to hydrogen generation could be exploited using solar power towers. Another interesting option is the thermo-chemical production of syngas by reforming methane. Since existing natural gas pipelines can accept about 10% hydrogen content, this concept could be used before the development of a hydrogen infrastructure. A CSP plant located in the desert could effectively convert 10% of the downstream gas appliances (water heaters, stoves, industrial equipment, etc.) into “solar-powered” appliances without needing to have any solar facilities on site. Significant research would certainly be required to develop these concepts, and they have not been reviewed by S&L as part of this study. 2.4.2 Current International Development Directions Internationally, trough or tower technology development, along with related project development, is being aggressively pursued in Germany, Spain, Italy, Israel, and South Africa. While international trough technology is fundamentally the same as that in the United States, there are some differences. European partners (with significant funding from the European Union (EU), national and state programs) have developed and extensively tested a prototype of a competing trough structure (EuroTrough) that will begin full-scale prototype testing at the Kramer Junction solar plant in California in the spring of 2003. Germany and Spain are pursuing steam as a high-temperature working fluid in addition to near-term development based on the same heat transfer oil as used here in the United States. Trough receiver development includes advances by Solel in Israel (which would be implemented by U.S. industry as well); development by the EU (through Germany and Spain) of a completely new heat collection elements (HCE), including an advanced selective surface capable of operation at the temperatures of their steam working fluid (up to 550°C); and a new effort by Schott Rohrglas to develop an entire HCE product. A German/Spanish consortium is in the final stages of planning for two commercial 50-MW trough plants in Spain. Italy has a major new program ($100M) focused on troughs with a molten salt working fluid, to allow both higher temperatures and better integration with storage. Both activities plan to use the Solar Two-proven molten salt technology for storage. South Africa has extensively assessed both trough and tower technology and recently selected U.S. tower technology (with extensive in-country content and manufacturing) for a 100-MW proposed project. However, inPDF Image | Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts
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